Social Learning Theory

By definition the term Social learning theory is an approach that emphasizes on the role of modeling otherwise known as imitation or observational learning, in the development of behavior (Matlin, 85). The behavior in which children learn is typically gender-related meaning that they will act based on their gender for example, girls will learn how to act in a feminine way and boys will learn how to act in a masculine way. The way children learn how to act gender appropriate is through their parents, peers, media, and finally school. The first factor in the Social leaning theory is the child’s parents, their first teachers.Even though parents may not be consciously aware of it, they tend to teach their daughters and sons differently when it comes to gender characteristics. For one, take the activities that children tend to take part of whether it varies from chores to the toys they play with, parents will encourage the appropriate gender behavior. When it comes to chores a fema le will more likely to have to do more of domestic chores such as cleaning the living room and the bathroom while on the other hand a male will more likely have to the heavy duty chores such as taking out the trash and repair items that are broken.Once again parents encourage children to participate in the activity that is â€Å"appropriate† by using positive and negative reinforcement, they discourage the activities that they believe will be inappropriate based on the child’s gender and encourage those they believe to be appropriate. The book mentions a study by Campenni done in 1999 that states that parents are more scared of their male child becoming sissies then their female child becoming a tom boy. Another way parents influences gender-type activities is through the conversations in which they have with their children.The book states a study done by Fivush and Buckner in 2000 showed that 21% of mothers will discuss anger with their sons in a conversation that wil l last a half an hour where as 0% of mothers will discuss anger with their daughters but, they will discuss fear and sadness with them (Matlin, 90) Even though some parents prefer to talk about aggression to their daughter some boys might learn how to be aggressive through their father by imitating them which again is what the Social learning theory is about. Peers are a big factor in the Social Learning theory in which a child will learn how to behave in a gender type of way.During the time a child begins school he or she will fall into their â€Å"Peer Group† in which will be the group of children that is the age as them. Children tend to encourage gender typing by rejecting the child that is acting in an â€Å"inappropriate† way. Young children to fall into two groups: boys and girls, and with the separation of genders they treat each other differently. First, if a female child comes to school with baggy jeans and baseball cap on her peers will reject by either not playing with her or tease her for being different.Once Again, the book states that in 2003 Judith Blakemore asked children from the age 3 to 11 if they would be friends with someone who clearly violated traditional stereotypes. The results shown that children particularly dislike a boy who wears a girl hair style and played with a Barbie doll and will judge girls less harshly for the same violations of traditional stereotypes. Children tend to isolate themselves from the opposite gender and associate with the same gender. When boys participate in gender segregation they tend to develop a feeling of entitlement which means since they are male they deserve better and greater things.Another way aspect that helps shape gender typing is the media. The media can consist of books and televisions. When it comes to children’s picture books, females are clearly depicted as invisible leaving the main characters to be mostly males. As stated by the book Ochman (1996) created a study in w hich children watched a video tape of an actor reading different books where each story required the main character to solve a problem which would result in the enhancement of the character’s self esteem.Over a 6 week period a of a group of 7 to 10 years old listened to the stories but, half heard the story where the main character was a male and the other half heard the story where the main character was a female. The results shown that the girls who heard about the female character had a higher increase of self esteem and boys showed the same result when the main character was a male (Matlin, 100). The finally aspect that shapes gender typing is school. Even when it comes to school males are treated more valued then females.Even the teacher behavior supports that males are treated better than females, where girls are not given equal treatment. The activities of the classroom are typically to appeal to boys rather than females. Females are even less shown in text books. Boys tend to get a positive feedback in the class room since they will be called upon more, praised for their creativity, and included more in class discussion. Take for an example if a question was asked and the a female raised her hand and gave the correct answer and then a male an answer that is â€Å"wrong† the male will receive recognition for that answer (Sadker, 97)There are many aspects that can contribute to the Social learning Theory. The first will be Parents since they are the child’s first teachers and the first people in the child’s life to give them positive and negative reinforcement. The second aspect will be their peers which consist of the children they pay with. Those children will mostly likely encourage appropriate gender behavior more than inappropriate behavior. The media and school are last aspects of the Social learning theory.

Impact of rechargeable cars on the Environment Essay

In this essay, I will discuss about the rechargeable batteries used in the rechargeable automobile and the impacts of these batteries to the pollution of the urban environment. Scientists are moving fast to give new inventions to the world and rechargeable automobile batteries are the latest topic of the automobile world. Due to excessive gasoline consumption, the scientists are working on electric cars and on the rechargeable batteries. The gasoline consumption creates pollution and it is proved by researches that the consumption should be decreased to save the environment. Now the question is that is the rechargeable battery save the environment from the pollution? The answer of the question is discussed below: The impact of the rechargeable batteries depends on the source of electricity. Most of the people think that the rechargeable or the hybrid cars (in other words electric cars) are environment friendly because they think that it is using refined and environment friendly energy but research professors show another side of the rechargeable batteries. According to them, the pollution depends upon the source of electricity. They say that most of the countries generate their electricity from fossil fuels, oil and gasoline. If a country or state is generating their electricity from the fossil fuels or gasoline, then the impact of the batteries will be worst because every time when they will need to recharge the battery, they need electricity and in that sense, the consumption of the electricity will increase and the environment will be polluted (Laura Williams). The Ohio university research shows that the hybrid cars and the use of the rechargeable batteries affect the environment. The reason is that the material which is used in the batteries is more harmful than the conventional batteries. The batteries are to be recharged after 350 miles and after every 350 miles, the electricity is needed for recharging. So the source of the electricity concerns a lot (Ohio University). Ozone layer is a very important topic of environment. The batteries damage ozone layer which creates bundle of problems and harms. The radioactive rays actually damage the ozone layer which is really harmful and creates many diseases. So every time when a battery is recharged, it will exhaust the rays which are really harmful. Moreover, recycling of the battery should be proper and if it is not proper, then the environment will have to suffer (Baig, Naqvi, Qureshi). It is true that temporarily rechargeable batteries are seems to be more beneficial than the other sources but the study shows that we are paying a lot in the sense of environment pollution. The impacts of the rechargeable batteries on the environment are everlasting and longterm (Conger, 2010). By the above discussion, it can be concluded that rechargeable batteries are facilitating the world but we can’t deny from this fact that they are harmful for the environment. In hybrid cars, rechargeable batteries are used so, consumption of diesel or fuel is less and the smoke arising from diesel or fuel does not exhaust the environment but it does not mean that it is not exhausting anything. So if we see its effects on temporary basis, then we will come to the conclusion that it is environment friendly but on the ground levels that its effects are worst (Clean up Australia).

How Attitude Roles in Decision Making Essay

Before I can talk about the play role between attitude and buying decision process, let’s look at the definition of attitude first. Attitude is a relationship link between feeling and believes or a consumer’s thoughts and the response action. We can say that attitude is something that is in the people’s mind and the thought of a consumer’s openness towards the information received by each individual. The information received can be both positive and negative. As we can all see that attitude comprise of consumer’s thought which has an effect on the feeling and that feeling will express through the consumer’s acting. Now let’s see what it is means by decision making process. It is a process of choosing one or another way from all of the alternatives that a consumer has considered with. Normally, the final decision making would be the best and the most suitable alternative which helps consumer reaches their objective. Attitude is the important internal factor that shapes an individual choice. In addition, there are three factors that will lead to consumer’s behavior, which are predisposing factors, enabling factors and reinforcing factors. Predisposing factors comprise of knowledge, beliefs, values, cultures and, of course, attitude, which I will focus on. Moreover, attitude can be form by many ways. It may be through the learning process, the ability to distinguish the differences (which one is good or bad), imitate from others and experienced for each individual. These three factors influence a consumer’s behavior and it also effect the decision making of that particular consumer. For example, consumer has experienced that the expensive things always come together with the better quality products. And he believed in what is actually has happened to him in the past, called the cognitive component. So whenever he recognized the problem, like he want to buy a new bag (an opportunity recognition) and try to search for all the alternatives he is willing to buy or interested in, you will find out that all the alternatives are all the brand name bags with the high price. In another situation, a consumer may imitate an attitude of â€Å"being fat means ugly† from friends and society around her. So it may leads to the decision making by she is starting to recognize the problem by thinking that she is too fat and will classify herself as ugly person, called an affective component. Then what she will try to do next is the information search, both internal and external, about how she can reduce her weight and so on. So you can see that an attitude of a consumer, even though it comes from your society around you, can influence an individual’s decision making process easily. The function of attitudes may also role in the decision making process because it helps consumes to cope with their environments. One of the five functional theories of attitudes is social-adjustment function, which is a function occur when a society make an adjustment about something and it leads an individual consumer to develop the attitude toward it. For example, nowadays people are more concerned about the environmental in our society

Critical Incidents Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Incidents Response - Assignment Example ense to establish agencies that control data centers in the states/cities and who can be of assistance when a state is under duress, whether medical, weather-related or physiological. Such agencies do exist, but have yet to pick up speed as was shown up in the tragic carnage in Virginia Tech. This Paper examines how the national grid has been networked and its command and control set up. In any data gathering and collating agency, the inputs can be inundating in volume, with a high level of irrelevance. All the same, every bit of information must be considered as actionable intelligence until proved otherwise. ‘Analysis must be objective and independent of political considerations. Since no single Agency has the ability to cater to the variability, pace, activity level and anticipated quantum of demands of information and its analyses, it must utilize distributed expertise, regardless of where in the Intelligence Community (IC) this expertise is. Collaboration must the norm in the IC, overcoming technical, policy and administrative barriers. The analytical process must be transparent, with logical argumentation and evidence-supported analyses. If intelligence gaps cannot be covered within the IC, the IC must tap external expertise to obtain relevant data, even if international agencies are to be involved’ (www.fas.org). As far as practicable, data and a nalysis sharing must be in real time and all operating agencies and operators data-linked. In an emergent situation, one of the most critical information systems is the Public Information System. ‘The US National Incident Management System (NIMS) requires that public information be organized around a Joint Information System (JIS) that is overseen by the Public Information Officer (PIO). The Public Information Officer (PIO) represents and advises the Incident Commander on all public information matters relating to the management of the incident. The PIO handles: The PIO also oversees other functions required

Practitioners' concerns for children's safety influence the Dissertation

Practitioners' concerns for children's safety influence the effectiveness of an outdoor learning environment in an early year - Dissertation Example In the intervention it was found that children actually preferred playing in the challenging environment due to varied reasons. Some find it interesting as they get their individual space, they feel more responsible and matured and above all there is no one to guide or control them. They all love the freedom which otherwise is difficult to attain. When children were asked 'Why you do like playing were no one sees you?' they replied due to: Secrecy Challenging and scary environment Risky Play It was also found that children are aware about the probable dangers they may encounter and are conscious enough to overcome them as well. When they were asked 'Do you sometimes jump off the swing?', children clearly replied they know that might get hurt and need to be careful because it is dangerous. Use of appliances like hammer etc it also perilous hence they must avoid it. Children take immense pleasure in performing risky tasks though they know that it might lead to injury like bumping into each other, playing fast slides, bikes, tools, swings etc. The deduction that can be made from the above interaction was that children must be allowed to perform activities which they desire but must be thoroughly guided and made known to all possible pros and cons of risky plays so that they are conscious while performing those tasks and activities (Sandseter, E. B, 2007). The essential elements needed are: Practitioner’s hold a different viewpoint regarding risk and outdoor plays. They believe that too much protection and fortification from risk actually deters development and growth in children. Out of the 31 respondents intervened, 61.3 % supported that it is essential for children to play outdoors. The findings clearly state that risk taking must be encouraged through outdoor activities as it would facilitate children in accessing difficulty levels in the later stages of their lives. They should be exposed to difficult situations so that they learn to deal with them. â⠂¬ËœOutdoor play ‘and ‘deep play’ activities help a child to develop personality traits, however risk must be initiated in controlled environment where level of risks are negotiated in regard to individual potential and capacity of a child (Wheway, R, date unknown). The benefits of outdoor play as per the practitioner’s are: Active explorers Increased concentration Physical Development Skill Development Good Health Fun and Frolic Getting accustomed to changing weather conditions Factors that can prevent children from outdoors Unfavorable Climatic Changes Health Concern Legal Requirements Safety Issues Accountability Television, computers, mobile phones etc Lack of Facilities Lack of Qualified Practitioner’s Practitioners encourage risk taking to an extent by which the environment helps a child in: A detailed observational technique was applied whereby both practitioners and children were observed. The research sternly supports children desire to invo lve in high risk activities in an outdoor environment. It was found that children thoroughly enjoyed climbing slides, balancing, bumping into each other, riding bikes etc but under proper supervision and guidance of practitioner’s. . Children actually enjoy and feel proud to discover their inner potential and abilities and learn while fun Chances were risks were high, were warned by practitioner’s and attempt to avoid them was also made. Risks events like

Spirtual care in nursing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spirtual care in nursing - Article Example In phase 2, they used unstructured focus group interviews to allow the participants to expand on their responses from the questionnaire. The questionnaire was validated by a multidisciplinary palliative care committee, who deemed it appropriate for use. Allen S. and smith maintained a clear audit trail through the journaling technique. There was a correlation between the questionnaire and the focus group data. Ethics approval consent was sought from the University Ethics Committee. Permission was also granted from the hospital’s ethics committee in the rural facility. In addition, the participants were assured of independence and confidentiality, and they gave a written consent. In the analysis and discussion of the results four major themes emerged: understanding spirituality, assessment of spirituality, difficulties and education. Also, study limitations emerged. A focus group interview was not appropriate data collection method to use in the study. This was evident from the responses in the focus groups that the meaning of spirituality was inconsistent based on the individual understanding and belief. Also, the questionnaire did not provide an opportunity to give examples of spiritual care. According to the journal article, it is important for the health workers to realize the spirituality as an important component in delivering nursing care in any setting. Smyth, T, & Allen, S 2011, Nurses experiences assessing the spirituality of terminally ill patients in acute clinical practice, International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 17, 7, pp. 337-343, Consumer Health Complete - EBSCOhost, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 March

Tourism and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tourism and Sustainability - Essay Example To successfully achieve sustainable tourism, concerned authorities, companies and managers have to collaborate in order to develop viable strategies. The union of the concerned persons is beneficial in ensuring tourism that is profitable. Wall, G. (1994). Sustainability in tourism leisure. Waterloo, Ontario: Department of geography, University of waterloo. Summary The article presents the outcomes and the proceedings of the meeting on sustainable tourism held in Tilburg University (Wall, 1994). The work and organization research center (WORC), participated in the preparation of the meeting, whose intentions were to raise issues concerning the differing aspects of sustainability that occurs to scholars of tourism and leisure. During the proceedings, an expert of Luton University doubted the possibility of successful tourism sustainability (Wall, 1994). Another from Netherlands stressed on the significance of community contribution on the issue. Jan philipsen from Netherlands availed s everal suggestions for complexity of sustainability concept. The participants presented various issues including the procedures of measuring visitor contentment in natural regions. Other issues in the meeting entailed cultural tourism in Indonesia and Europe. The discussion raised significant issues; the contradicting interests plus ways of uniting them, and the role of market plus state intrusion in ensuring sustainable tourism (Wall, 1994). Briassoulis, H. (2002). Sustainable tourism and the question of the commons. Annals of Tourism Research,. 29, 4, pp. 1065–1085. Summary The article addresses the tourism commons by describing the importance of sustainable development in social plus cultural areas (Briassoulis 2002, p. 1067). Various resources developed for the purpose of tourism are fundamental to the locals. This is because of the sharing that occurs at some points in life. The article indicates the function of the â€Å"common pool resources† in tourism sustaina bility and development. It provides various principles useful in the organization of these resources and the policies for future endeavors. From the economics and scientists description, CPRs are resources whose exploitation by a single user cuts down the quantity availed to others. In this case, omission of further utilization is complex. The article performs the analysis of the tourism commons stating their complexity culminating from their usability by diverse groups (Briassoulis 2002, p. 1071). It describes their nature as heterogeneous and made of tangible and intangible materials. The resources demand plus volatility is evident and contrasts the issue of tourists use because of changes between seasons. According to the article, there are problems of excessive use of the commons. Lack of proper management and incentive provision is evident. The associations between the commons plus tourism and other undertakings are present. Sustainable development issues are in detail with the consideration of community involvement in such affairs (Briassoulis 2002, p. 1083). James, T.G. (2001). Assessing Progress of Tourism Sustainability. Annals of Tourism Research, 28, 3, pp. 817–820. Summary Development of sensible criteria for monitoring the continuance of sustainable tourism, and considering the quality of systems instead of absolute sustainability is

The Benihana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Benihana - Essay Example In establishing Benihana’s unique market share the restaurant actually prepares the food in front of the customer’s eyes. This allows for a novel dining experience, and greatly contributes to the restaurant’s effective cost structure. As the restaurant found increased success, questions regarding whether to franchise the restaurant out emerged. While there were initial attempts to enact franchises, the company ultimately determined that franchising would not be successful, as the largely Japanese staff didn’t translate well into the American climate. The organization’s process flow occurs as customers are brought into the restaurant and then seated in the bar area. This element functions both to increase drink revenue and to give the customer’s an activity to occupy themselves during their wait period. When a table opens, the customers are then seated. After customers are seated the staff takes a drink order and gives them an option for soup, salad, or general appetizer. Upon returning their order is taken. The chef then arrives and prepares the order in front of the table. This is the essential aspect of the dining experience both for the restaurant and the customer. While one might believe that preparing the food in front of the table would result in an increased time, this process actually reduces labor costs while granting the customers insight into the process of food creation as well as a side-show environment. There are a number of considerations that can be made in developing the overriding strategic approach. In this context of understanding, the simulation permits users to explore a number of elements of profitability. The simulation also functions to inform the user of various aspects of operations management and allow them to better formulate strategic approaches. In this context of understanding, I experimented with a number of potential batching as a means of developing the most effective and efficient process approach. In terms of batching one of the most effective methods is to distinguish between peak and non-peak hours. In attempting a number of simulations, one of the most effective assortments is to consider the peak hours of 6pm till 8pm. Within this period it’

Speaker presentation response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Speaker presentation response paper - Essay Example It is a common behavior for people to follow their favorite teams through the help of social media services. I am sure that the speaker has clearly understood the need if modern ways to reach out to the consumers. I believe this is a very modern way of selling tickets because earlier consumers would give consideration to pay for the movies instead of going to the Friday basketball matches. Now with the help of social media networks including twitter, Facebook, Instagram, it is rather easier for the sellers to increase the interest of people in games. It is where the selling can also be done as modern ways of marketing has helped ways to complete sells in one go. The speaker has also discussed perceived values which have been made as the focus of selling tickets. It notes that the speaker stresses on the entertainment that a family can get by going at a basketball or football match. This has been compared with films where a family is bound to just stay silent and watch the film. Also, children under 18 years of age may not be entertained at the cinema. The speaker has highlighted these cons in order to enhance the perceived value of sports match. I also believe that this way of enhancing the perceived value is not incorrect. ... The speaker states that it is very important to tell the consumers about the added service that they would get along with their buy. Speaker in his case states that car parking is near to the matches allowing the consumers to have ease of entering and leaving on time. Considering myself as a person who is more likely to buy the tickets to matches, I would surely be interested to know if I have good access to car parking. I will also look upon the people who I could take with myself to the match. All these points are sure to affect positively any consumer. Thus, marketing of something which might not be one’s interest is possible by looking at the elements of consumer behavior closely and correctly. The presentation has weaved out a number of very important elements of consumer behavior which has made me interested in the products which are not bought easily. It is easier to understand that with the help of these minor elements, consumer’s can be affected by large. Also, the usage of social media as a way to reach out to the consumer is the prominent way of undertaking marketing because users of these sites at least connect or login 5 times minimum in a day (Lefebvre). This frequency is more likely to increase with the passage of time. Considering the researches and investigations that have been undertaken so far also confirm this practice. In fact it is recommended to these people to take a step forward to bring innovation in marketing through newer and exciting modern ways of changing consumer perception about the product. Marketing and advertising have also stressed on the significance of consumer behavior and perceived value that should be underlined with the product because this can bring wild increase in the sales

One computer in a classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

One computer in a classroom - Essay Example Practical ideas start with the room arrangement to maximize space and provide convenience to teachers and students. Next is proper management and scheduling, this is where computer users are given their individual timing and cycle through to complete a project. It may be on a daily or weekly basis depending on the estimated length or duration of the project. Encourage cooperative or group learning that would break large student's class into smaller and more manageable groups. Consider computer skill and particular assignment when pairing students and allow change of partners according to requirements. Set and provide guidelines for the proper use of computer, let users clearly understand their rights and responsibilities and the restrictions they should follow while using the computer station. This approach will greatly save time and allow more groups to participate. To enable effective use of time, display posters with computer terms and commands for user's easy reference. Teachers can now use administrative applications to increase productivity such as correspondence, worksheets, tables, test questions, handouts, and bulletin board posting materials. They can also design and print forms for filling like personal information data of students. They can publish newsletters, calendars, reports, certificates, graphic organizers and seating arrangement charts. Convenient and more accurate electronic grade book, students attendance records, students information database. For student's information, teachers can write and post announcements, and important reminders. Computer as a creation tool for students to do word processing, create functional database, data tabulation and spreadsheets, graphs, and other multimedia applications. They can also use the computer as an

Invitation meeting Essay Example for Free

Invitation meeting Essay Boston global is a company that has provided outsourced resources services for fortune 500 companies. The companies have been able to solve their problems through our advice. We are the industry leaders in taking care of our employees in terms of their compensation insurance and disability insurance coverage. Your company has recently experienced numerous human resource problems. This may be due to the expansion that you are undergoing. Your company is growing fast and needs to grown in human resource services too. I also understand that your company does not have the in – house expertise to quickly establish the human resource and the procedures needed within a larger, publicly traded organization. It is important for every company to have a human resource department with qualified employees that look into the welfare of its employees. I was wondering whether your company has ever considered worker’s compensation disability exposure. It is for these reasons that my company would kindly like to ask you to set up a meeting with us I order to discuss the problems you are currently facing and the services that our company offers. We are hopeful that we will enter into a contract with you for these services so that you company can continue growing.

How have cultures from the ‘west’ been represented in the ‘east’ Essay Example for Free

How have cultures from the ‘west’ been represented in the ‘east’ Essay Fundamentally the term culture means to cultivate but on other hand this word also contains some other meanings and definitions as well. Number of writers and author worked and surveyed on the actual definition of culture and in year 1952 Alfred Kroeber and Clyde has presented approximately 164 defamations of this word â€Å"culture†. If we focus these definitions and research work by our well-known authors then we can came to know the fact that culture is simply the critical review of concepts and definitions that people have. Along with this the fact has also been revealed that culture can be presented and illustrated with three different approaches like the taste in fine arts and humanities is one of the significant ways of defining one’s culture or perspective. Similarly values, goals and attitudes are also used in illustrating the cultural values. (Bryan 1963) Beside above mentioned points the human knowledge , belief and the attitudes are also used in promoting culture as these things has the power and capacity to define the thoughts and ideas of people. Later after finding numerous definition of culture in twentieth century this word emerges out with new concepts as the focus point of anthropology, which means that culture is a word that is actually composed of all the actions and thoughts that is performed by human anywhere in the world and all these behaviors does not have any sort of relation with the genetics. In West, this word has its own meaning as they have their own approaches and thoughts regarding this term, as according to them culture basically defines two things that include the human experience, imaginations and incidents which occurs with them and later they present those things according to their art and used their power of creativity as well. (Alan Bryan 1963) Similarly they illustrated the meaning of culture by presenting the idea that in this entire world there are number of people who have their own way and manners of living and with their own ideas, experience and conditions they define their own meaning of culture as the way of defining culture varies from place to place and from people to people as well. But later after the World War 2 numerous authors reformed the definition of culture and the style they had presented it was also changed and among those authors albeit played a significnat role as in this era his work and ideas are still followed and apprectiated. Besides these above mentioned definition when we go though numerous research paper and studies of different authors from all over the world we came to know the fact that number of artist were born in west side and presented beautiful and unique work that portrayed their thoughts regarding culture and numerous other things. Among these beautiful and talented artist Hansen is a significant name. This man was born in year 1960 in West area where the natural beauty, purity and environment was so attractive that form the early stage this boy started visioning, drawing and portraying his cultural beauty in a marvelous manner. Hansen completed his educational career and returned to homeland in 1990, but during his early days of schooling this young boy started painting in year 1969, after that he went abroad to study mechanical design as well. Later he came back to America and served this country as a technical drawing specialist. Ms Georgian was the lady who impressed Hansen and he want himself to work and serve the idea of culture through his talent and skills of painting and drawing. He has developed his own unique sense of styling which reflects his philosophical mind as well. As time passes this young boy’s skills in promoting culture were notified by numerous people and his professional career started in which he designed numerous spectacular designs in the boating industry. The concept of portraying culture in such manner was so much appreciated by people that the technique of introducing abstract and cubist was later adopted by the artist of East as well. Beside Hansen’s work numerous other artist work and thought are adopted by the people of East. Christians also played a vital role in promoting cultural values and portraying them in such a manner that it was appreciated by the entire world. And among there marvelous work the oldest and the most symbolic thing is the cross sign which is known as the sign of Christian’s faith. The idea of presenting cross sign has played a significant role in numerous other cultures as well. People from different region especially from east side have adopted it as well and defines their own meaning of this symbol. If we go through to the detail and deep knowledge of this cross then we came to know numerous facts regarding it as it was revealed that through ages and centuries people are using and following this cross sign to protect themselves from illness, to have good fortune, and to show their respect to their religion and numerous other things as well. After the great success of promoting culture is such manner numerous other artists has developed countless version of its, which include X-Shaped St. Andrews cross and the T-shaped teau-cross as well. Beside this, the people of Greek have used this symbol in order to represent the four cardinal directions as well or we can say that they tried to represent the four basic elements which include earth, wind, water and fire. Other than this, the people of India have used this symbol as well in order to show the four main directions of heavens. Similarly, the people of Africa has designed cross roads and there concept of it is that these crossroads are places where the world of living and dead meet. In addition with this, numerous Eastern artists used this shaped to promote their cultural jewelry as well. Along with above mentioned things, Eastern people have also discovered new and interesting things in Japan by following the writings of Shakespeare as they had focused the plays of him and started studying the canonical values of his theater and implement the thoughts and ideas in order to promote the cultural things. Similarly, the people of Japan also have a great history in promoting cultural things through different and unique ideas such as the monster is one of the significant thing that Japanese promotes in their culture which was actually the creation of human imagination which resemble numerous things at different points like people, other animals or well –known objects as well. (Kuncaraningrat 1985) The artist of West promote their cultural values and things by numerous ways and among them music is the major source. With the help of unique and different musical instruments they define their thoughts and ideas regarding their culture. All sort of music either rock, pop or slow all were used to promote culture. In addition with these the artist of West also launched numerous sort of games that have music like Krongcong is one of the famous and well-known musical game that was designed in a manner that the music lovers start playing them and the main focus of promoting culture with the help of music will also go on with such innovative discoveries. Similarly along with music, dance is another thing that is used in order to promote culture of West, as it is the best approach of reflecting and showing the diversification of different ethical groups that compose the entire West portion of the world. This technique of promoting culture was adopted by the artist of East as well, as this gave great opportunity to show the traditional and cultural values of one’s states. The people of West also use the source of drama and theaters in order to promote their cultural values, and this technique really works as people form all over the world came to watch such sort of drama that promotes culture and things regarding traditional values. Along with this the people of East represent the culture of West in their region by using the traditional arts things which includes paintings, sculpture and numerous sort of architecture as well. Not only this they also used literature and poetry in order to present the idea and thoughts regarding the culture and traditional values of West. For people who loved food the Eastern group facilitate them by provding and presenting the Western dishes, along with this the more powerful and source that the Eastern people used in order to represent the culture of West in the media, as there is a great number of cinemas within East and these cinemas has played a significant role in spreading every bite of cultural things and cover all the traditional values of the entire West. In previous days, this source did not work as much but at the beginning of year 1980 this platform reaches the peak and concurred the highest level as well. Beside this cinema’s role numerous Eastern artists have played a significant role in order to promote and represent the culture and traditions of West within their country and this medium of representing the culture is very much appreciated by all as in this every age group can find its own interesting things to go for. Other than this, radio network which was formed in year 1945 also played a significant role, especially after 2006 numerous radio channels are launched using Digital Audio Broadcasting and Hybrid system that are also facilitating in promoting the cultural values all over the East. But all these above mentioned approaches had a positive result till political issues do not arise. In early days if we go through the detail representation techniques of promoting and showing culture of West in East we came to know that its result is very much effective as long as it was concerned as the homogenous population things towards mass production. This multiculturalism has worked for a long time in order to show the Western European society. The people of French also liked and welcomed this sort of representation and wrote numerous theories on it and named such things as a class struggle which highlighted the real charm, beauty as well as the weakness, along with this such representation also include ethics, religion and race issues but this thought of promoting culture is no more seen due to numerous political issues. Adams 2006) As now people have the idea that political, cultural, social and economical dialogue projects are addressed but should not be exclusively shown in Muslim countries, beside this according to the political rules the training programs, information of technologies and other things should not be shown and promoted on other side rather than West as this cause great trouble to the citizens of the west. Beside this the global conflict is also one of the major reason of promoting culture and traditional things in such a way, as the people of other country did not have the actual idea or right to promote each other cultural values as by this they often show our cultural things in a wrong manner and this cause big issues. According to a survey and research numerous authors wrote things about politicians idea that they have an idea that assimilation model can’t work longer because he people who are from different state are not like us and they have different skin color, they have other religion whose rules are not applicable on us, as we are not of same group, culture, and we does not have same social and traditional values. Similarly the political rules that are governing West also have the idea that we people are from different type of population and thats why we cant work on same issue with hand in hand as these people are living in a territory which has no political representation and they wants to copy our theories and approaches by promoting our cultural and traditional values. (Adams 2006) In a nut shell, we can conclude our paper that the idea of presenting and promoting culture and traditional values of each other provide us great benefit as by this we can come to know the real concepts and ideas of each other, and this thing also facilitate us in getting new approaches as well but this concept that arises in this era that by doing so we people can face numerous difficulties and political issues is not good for both the citizens of West as well as East so we should cover up such issues and focus on the growth and development of cultural as well as other things which is a great need for all of us.

PZT Material for Excessive Vibration

PZT Material for Excessive Vibration In this study it is designed and implemented a robust control technique to suppress excessive vibration and also perform health monitoring of a structure using a single piece of PZT material. The main idea is to use sliding mode controller to achieve the vibration suppression, impedance-based structural health monitoring technique, and to implement sliding mode observer to prevent any undesirable interaction between the health monitoring system and the control system, when they are implemented together. The usage of smart materials to perform nondestructive assessment of structures is of great interest to civil engineering and other engineering fields, since the integrity of the structure is not compromised. In addition, the modern each day more flexible structures bring to researchers in the field the need to find alternatives in vibration suppression.   Implementing health monitoring together with vibration control is therefore the combination of these two need in a practical and economic manner, in the sense that uses the smart materials and control devices/techniques. Smart materials have the ability of changing their properties when subjected to certain external conditions, such as electric or magnetic fields, for example. In this study the smart material used is in the form of piezoelectric patches. The health monitoring technique used in this research is the impedance-based health monitoring, which is based in changes in the structural impedance. The fundamental idea of this approach is to screen the changes in structural mechanical impedance brought on by damage. An experimental set up was performed in a free-free aluminum bar in order to check the applicability of this method. In this experiment, five pairs of PZT patches had been attached to the bar and an electrical impedance analyzer measured the electrical impedance. Damage was simulated by attaching two ten millimeters bolts between the third and the fourth PZT patch. As far as the control technique goes, it is implemented a sliding mode controller, which is designed to attain a robust v ibration control performance in the presence of the uncertainties and disturbances. Sliding mode control is a nonlinear control strategy that adjusts the dynamics of a nonlinear system by forcing the system to slide alongside a surface of the systems regular behavior. One problem this study has to deal with is the health monitoring signal that enters the feedback control loop, since the same PZT patch is used to simultaneously perform health monitoring and to sense the control system in the feedback control loop. In order to try to solve this issue, a sliding mode observer is designed. In order to evaluate the feasibility of the method proposed, both experimental and numerical studies were performed to a single cantilever beam. The controller and observer were designed based on the four lower vibration modes of the beam. The experimental set-up performed to assess the impedance-based health monitoring technique showed that a great change in impedance happens in the region where damage occurs. The experimental and numerical results showed the sliding mode observer was capable of filter the high frequency content that comes from the health monitoring, and the sliding mode control was able to suppress successfully the excessive vibration even after disturbances were introduced. The results from both numerical study and experimental set-up show that this integrated approach can provide significant vibration suppression, while simultaneously detecting damage. The research is important in the sense that brings together the concepts of health monitoring and structural control, and confirms the feasibility of this using sliding mode control/observer and impedance-based health monitoring. However, the study has that are some weaknesses, for example, not much detail is providing regarding the health monitoring of the experimental set-up of the cantilever beam, only vibration suppression results. Also, is not very clear if the results shown are from experimental or analytical evaluation. Only impulse response was verified in this study, and it would be interesting to see how the control behaves in the presence of different types of more complex loads, such as seismic. It is not practical or economically possible to use 4 to 5 PZT patches to every beam a complex civil engineering structure, so the study fails to address how to choose the location of the patches so they can be enough to suppress vibration and detect damage to a more complex struc ture, such as a building.

The Road Ahead By Bill Gates Essay -- essays research papers

In his book The Road Ahead, Bill Gates relates to a non-technical audience the history, growth, and future of technology. He discusses how the trends, technologies, and issues of the Information Age are affecting society. Gates makes predictions and gives advice on how to adapt and succeed in the future of incredible change in computing and communicating. His book is written with two major concerns: the development and future of technology, and its influence on society. Bill Gates begins by explaining how computers will be interconnected globally in what will be called the information superhighway. Of course the precursor to this network is the currently used Internet. The development and use of this interactive network is the main focus of the book. Gates uses the metaphor of the 'ultimate market'; to describe how all manner of human activity will take place in this market, with the medium of exchange being digital information of all kinds. Bill Gates states that the ability to change and manipulate information and the increasing speed at which is it handled places us at the beginning of an 'information revolution.'; Since almost all information in the future will be digital, conventional communication devices will be altered. As soon as the cost of communication drops and it is combined with other technological advances, Bill Gates predicts that the results of this interactive information will be like the effects of electricity. He also predicts t hat the house of the future will have one wire running into and out of it that will carry television, phone, or news information that will be sent to the appropriate device.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his book Gates attempts to tell the history of the computer industry, but instead he tells about the development of Microsoft and his achievements while debasing his competitors. He recounts the history with a degree of arrogance and criticizes IBM for the mistakes it made, for example not buying thirty percent of Microsoft when given the opportunity, and for wasting time and money on the OS/2 and OfficeVision projects. Bill Gates speaks on Microsoft's success and, in a way, reaffirms customers that Microsoft will not raise its prices or stop innovation. The future success, he says, depends on innovation and improvement to stay ahead of competition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He dedicates a chapter to ap... ...gy, investment in education, regulation, and the balance between individual privacy and community security. The question of responsibility arises and some have suggested that communication companies should be made gatekeepers in charge of the filtering the content of what they carry. A rating system, like the one used for movies, could be implemented and parents could then restrict what rated sites their children visit through their web browser. Bill Gates refrains from using technical vernacular and explains all computer terminology as he discusses it, making it clear and easy for normal people to understand him. He is convinced that this new technology will 'enhance leisure time and enrich our culture by expanding the distribution of information.'; This, however, oversimplifies most issues and results in a dull, repetitive book for most experienced computer users. He succeeds in explaining his vision of the future and why he has chosen to switch Microsoft's focus to the Internet. Bill Gates optimistically looks ahead at the emerging tools of technology that will forever transform the way we buy, work, learn, socialize, and communicate and encourages us to help shape the future.

Technology The End Of Mankind :: essays research papers

Technology: The End of Mankind TECHNOLOGY The human race is slowly, but surely, contributing to its own demise. This sub-conscious suicide is being carried out in more than one way, but the most apparent one is technology. Technology is advancing at a pace so rapid that it will eventually lead to the self-extinction of the human race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most current and pressing issue that falls into this category is the infamous Y2K bug. This is the virus that is going to cause every computer in operation to go haywire when the year 2000 comes around. Some of the things will be effected by this are personal computers, ATM’s, air traffic control and street and traffic lights. Even if none of these theories pan out, the hype alone that is being created by the media is predicted to cause enough chaos and pandemonium by itself. In a recent survey, it was proven that over 50% of the American people are afraid of the bug and what it will do. If this matter is not addressed soon it will be responsible for many casualties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another branch of technology that has caused casualties in the past and is bound to cause many more in the future is weapons. The weapon that has had the most impact is the gun. It has killed millions, not only in wars, but in everyday life as well. In addition, there is the atomic bomb that killed thousands at Hiroshima. More recently there is the nuclear missile that is capable of wiping out an entire major city. Moreover, there are many inventions that have been built with the intent to improve life only to repeatedly take it away from people. Some such inventions are cars, planes and nuclear power plants. Something must be done to hinder the advancement of technology in these areas before we are all dead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, technology is the biggest source of pollution. This pollution poses the largest threat of all to the world. Not only will it eventually lead to a genocide of the entire human race, but it is destroying everything else on the planet. The increase in the population has compounded this effect leading to more cars on the road and more waste, hence, more pollution. If pollution keeps up at this rate something bad is going to happen. Everyone will die of either cancer, due to holes in the ozone, starvation, because all of the animals were wiped out by pollution, or some other illness obtained from contaminated food and water. Technology The End Of Mankind :: essays research papers Technology: The End of Mankind TECHNOLOGY The human race is slowly, but surely, contributing to its own demise. This sub-conscious suicide is being carried out in more than one way, but the most apparent one is technology. Technology is advancing at a pace so rapid that it will eventually lead to the self-extinction of the human race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most current and pressing issue that falls into this category is the infamous Y2K bug. This is the virus that is going to cause every computer in operation to go haywire when the year 2000 comes around. Some of the things will be effected by this are personal computers, ATM’s, air traffic control and street and traffic lights. Even if none of these theories pan out, the hype alone that is being created by the media is predicted to cause enough chaos and pandemonium by itself. In a recent survey, it was proven that over 50% of the American people are afraid of the bug and what it will do. If this matter is not addressed soon it will be responsible for many casualties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another branch of technology that has caused casualties in the past and is bound to cause many more in the future is weapons. The weapon that has had the most impact is the gun. It has killed millions, not only in wars, but in everyday life as well. In addition, there is the atomic bomb that killed thousands at Hiroshima. More recently there is the nuclear missile that is capable of wiping out an entire major city. Moreover, there are many inventions that have been built with the intent to improve life only to repeatedly take it away from people. Some such inventions are cars, planes and nuclear power plants. Something must be done to hinder the advancement of technology in these areas before we are all dead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, technology is the biggest source of pollution. This pollution poses the largest threat of all to the world. Not only will it eventually lead to a genocide of the entire human race, but it is destroying everything else on the planet. The increase in the population has compounded this effect leading to more cars on the road and more waste, hence, more pollution. If pollution keeps up at this rate something bad is going to happen. Everyone will die of either cancer, due to holes in the ozone, starvation, because all of the animals were wiped out by pollution, or some other illness obtained from contaminated food and water.

Gods Forgiveness in Taylors Meditation 42 Essay -- Edward Taylor Poe

In Edward Taylor's "Meditation 42," the speaker employs a tone of both desire and anxiousness in order to convey the overall idea that man's sinful nature and spiritual unworthiness require God's grace and forgiveness to gain entrance to the kingdom of heaven. In the opening stanza, the speaker describes the human craving and longing for material objects. From the very first word of "Meditation 42," a sense of longing and desire infuses the poem as "apples" (ll. 1) often symbolize both temptation and desire. Because Eve allowed the lure of attaining the God's knowledge to overtake her in the book of Genesis, she bites from a fruit on the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil which is commonly depicted as an apple. In addition, because the "apples" allude to man's fall from paradise they thereby represent man's imperfection and sinful nature. Furthermore, the fact that "apples of gold in silver pictures shrined" (ll. 1) emphasizes the desire or lust for physical, material items of beauty and wealth. These items "enchant" (ll. 2) as the "gold" and "silver" appeal to mankind's covetous nature and tendency to value superficial items. Thus, the speaker conveys his longing and desire for physical riches which "enchant" him. Yet his want for treasures exist as strictly human desire, causing physical consequences as they "make mouths to water" (ll. 2). However, despite the monetary value of precious metals, attaining such superficial items does not allow man to gain any true fulfillment. For example, in the opening stanza, all the treasures "In jasper cask, when tapped, doth briskly vapor" (ll. 4). The material items mean nothing in the larger scheme of the world and therefore "briskly vapor" and disapp... ..., but still pleads for God to "take me in" (ll. 41), and promises to "pay...in happiness" for mercy. Once again, the speaker demonstrates the same desires for physical treasures that he expresses in the first stanza as he asks God to "give mine eye / A peephole there to see bright glory's chases" (ll. 39-40). Even in the God's kingdom, the speaker reveals his humanity as he focuses on ornamentation which starkly contrasts with God's divinity as He has the ability to show love even for sinners. Thus, while man shows his human nature, desiring and coveting physical riches and treasures, God demonstrates his truly divine nature as he possesses true spiritual riches, in the form of love, mercy, and forgiveness. Works Cited Taylor, Edward. â€Å"Meditation 42.† The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lautier. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004

Administrative Theories of Management Essay

Henri Fayol a French industrialist has wrote a book title Administration Industrialle et Generalle in 1916 , according to his book theories about management he thought could be applied to the management of any organization with administrative responsibilities. Fayol identified five function which is still used today to all management activities , they were planning , organizing , commanding , coordinating and controlling . Fayol gives 14 principle of management : 1.Division of work According to Fayol , specialization increases output by making employees more efficient. Most of the employee may be able to deal with each item work that given to them if work is divided according to their skill and technical expertise . See more: My Writing Process Essay 2.Authority Fayol defined authority as ‘the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience.’ That means , managers must be able to give order to the employees . Along with it , the responsibility will goes on. 3.Discipline Discipline is an essential for the smooth running of business which is without it an enterprise or organization is unable to prosper. An employees must obey and respect the rules that are state by the organization . 4.Unity of Command An employee should receive orders from one superior only . Fayol regarded having ‘dual command’ is leading to uncertainty and hesitation on the part of subordinates and will make conflict between managers. 5.Unity of direction ‘One head and one plan for a group having the same objective.’ that mean the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers . 6.Subordination of individual interest to the general interest There should be no conflict of interest between individual ambition and the well-being of the organization as a whole. This principle requires a firm but fair hand from superiors who should set a good example. 7.Remuneration Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services . Fayol looked for some basic principles in the method of payment such is it shall assure fair remuneration , encourage keenness by rewarding well-directed effort and not lead to over-payment going beyond reasonable limits. 8.Centralization Fayol considered that an element of centralization must always be present which is each subordinate are involved in decision making. 9.Scalar Chain It is also known as line of authority . The unity of command can lead to excessively chains of authority which hinder communication. Hierarchic organizations regularly insisted that departments communicated with each other only through their heads. 10.Order For Fayol, people and materials should be in the right place at the right time . This presupposed the resolution of ‘the two most difficult managerial activities: good organization and good selection.’ He saw the basic problem as the balancing of an organization’s requirements with its resources. 11.Equity Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinate and treated them equally in order to obtain commitment from them . 12.Stability of tenure of personnel A management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies because employees need a period of stability in a job to deliver of their best. 13.Initiative Fayol cautions managers against the personal vanity which prevents their employees from allowing to think through a problem and implement a solution rewarding experience which increases motivation and high levels of effort. This meant , employees are allowed to originate and carry out their plans for the organization. 14.Esprit de corps. ‘Dividing enemy forces to weaken them is clever, but dividing one’s own team is a grave sin against the business.’ It is saying about promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.

Synopsis of Amul

[pic] Synopsis Of Major Project Report on Sales & Distribution Management Role of Sales and Distribution in AMUL India Guided By:-Submitted by:- Dr . Alok Mittal Sir Medha Nakhare MBA 3rd Sem Section- Y Introduction Sales Management-Sales management is a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of sales techniques and the management of a firm's sales operations. It is an important business function as net sales through the sale of products and services and resulting profit drive most commercial business.These are also typically the goals and performance indicators of sales management. Sales manager is the typical title of someone whose role is sales management. The role typically involves sales planning, human resources, talent development, leadership and control of resources such as organisational assets. Distribution -Overseeing the movement of goods from supplier or manufacturer to point of sale. Distribution management is an overarching term that refers t o numerous activities and processes such as packaging, inventory, warehousing, supply chain and logistics.Effectively managing the entire distribution process is critical to financial success and corporate longevity. The larger a corporation or the greater the number of supply points a company has, the more it will need to rely on automation to effectively manage the distribution process. Introduction to AMUL Amul is the name dairy cooperative in India. Derived from the Sanskrit word â€Å"Amulya,† Amul means invaluable. Formed in 1946, it is a brand name managed by an Indian cooperative organisation, Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. GCMMF), which today is jointly owned by 3. 03 million milk producers in Gujarat, India. Entrance of Amul factory Amul is based in Anand, Gujarat and has been a successful example of cooperative organization. Amul spurred the White Revolution in India which in turn made India the largest producer of milk and milk products in the world. It is also the world's largest vegetarian cheese brand . Amul is the largest food brand in India and world's largest pouched milk brand with an annual turnover of US $2. 2 billion (2010-11). Currently Unions making up GCMMF have 3. million producer members with milk collection average of 9. 10 million litres per day. Besides India, Amul has entered overseas markets such as Mauritius, UAE, USA, Oman, Bangladesh, Australia, China, Singapore, Hong Kong and a few South African countries. Its bid to enter Japanese market in 1994 did not succeed, but it plans to venture again. Dr Verghese Kurien, former chairman of the GCMMF, is recognised as a key person behind the success of Amul. On 10 Aug 2006 Parthi Bhatol, chairman of the Banaskantha Union, was elected chairman of GCMMF. LITERATURE REVIEW Dr.Erich  Joachimsthaler, CEO, Vivaldi Partners and Co author with David Aaker  of the seminal book  Ã‚  BRAND LEADERSHIP  says that this no longer means mere lip service on the par t of the marketers of milk product market. As he points out, perhaps to many a brand marketer's chagrin, brands don't occupy much mind space. In consumers,  but revolves around other interest in their lives. Now as he says companies like AMUL,SANCHI, develop products that fit in to consumers' lives rather than develop products,which they think consumers will prefer  The next decade is expected to be quite cataclysmic for milk product market specially for  AMUL, an article by D.Shivakumar, ED of Philips India, captures the essence of the changes that are being wrought. But the refrain is the same. To manage and succeed in tomorrow's Brand world in milk line product, marketing teams of AMUL would need to  be far more right brained than left brained they need to be more consumer connected and responsive than ever before. Speed, smart thinking and sensitivity will be the skill set of  the marketer Objectives †¢ To estimate market potential and perception towards product. †¢ To find out frequency of consumption of product. To know the awareness among the retailers for the product. †¢ To do market analysis in order to study usage patterns and buying behaviour of product. †¢ To know the awareness level among the consumers for product. †¢ To know the causes of not buying the product. Research  Methodology The research includes meetings with the retailers, consumers and dealers. It includes preparation of the questionnaire to be answered by people for knowing the competitive position of Amul in the milk market. The views of the people will be recorded in the  research as per the questionnaire. Research  ApproachThe objective is to know the competitive position of Amul in the milk market thus in order  to successfully conduct the research the unbiased opinion of the parties was desirable. Thus, the research will conducted as the representative of Amul company and sometimes the representatives of the other company like Saurabh o r Sanchi in order to have an unbiased opinion of the concerned persons. Research  Instrument The research instrument is the structured questionnaire formulated for the respondents. The questionnaire will be different for the retailers and dealers and for the consumers there is a different set of questionnaire.There will also the area maps. SAMPLING PLAN How should the respondents be chosen? To get the most feasible and accurate result, simple random probability sampling method was adopted for direct interview of  retailers and cluster sampling was used to communicate the consumers from different apartments of different sectors for the survey. In simple random probability sampling, probability of being chosen as a sample unit for each unit in the population is equal. Each sample unit from the population is chosen randomly. Probability  of  being  chosen  as  a  sample  it  depends  upon  the  population size and no. of sample units to be chosen.While in clus ter (area) sampling the population is divided into mutually exclusive groups (such as city blocks, sectors etc. ), and the researcher draws a sample of the groups using random sampling. Sometimes researcher again draws sample units of respondents from selected groups. It is known as two-step area sampling. Tools for collecting Data Data is generally of two types-: a) Primary Data b) Secondary Data Primary Data Those data specially collected for problem in hand. In this study, data were collected from primary sources in personal interview of retailers and interaction with consumers by survey method.These methods of data collection are quite popular. These are the major methods of data collection in the research study. Methods of collecting Primary Data- †¢ Face to Face survey †¢ Open handed interview †¢ Telephone Survey †¢ Postal Survey †¢ Consumer Panels †¢ Experiments †¢ Observations Secondary Data Those data which are collected other than helping others and solving problems are known as the Secondary data. For example, Old reports, company records, magazines, company website, etc. Methods of collecting secondary data-: ? Internal Sources- †¢ Existing Report †¢ Distribution Data Shopkeepers Opinions †¢ Stock Records †¢ Sales Records †¢ Accounting Records ? External sources- †¢ Government Statistics †¢ Specialist Business Organization †¢ Consumer database LIMITATIONS This report will have to work under several constraints and limitations. Some of the key limitation are.. 1. The survey will be limited only a small area. 2. Convenient sampling will be used as the mode of conducting the research. 3. The sample size of the taken will be small, therefore it can be said that the chosen sample is not the representative of the whole population and this hindered quantitative research. 4.The psychology and temperament of a respondent play a significant role. Some respondents are more sensitive as against others who are more tolerant. A change in the composition of the respondents can affect the  answers adversely or favourably. 5. Respondents may not have been true in answering various questions and may be biased to certain other questions. 6. Out of the whole research and analysis, only three major brands will be highlighted, leaving aside the other non-popular brands. BIBLIOGRAPHY & WEBLIOGRAPHY 1. Marketing Management- Philip Kotler 2. www. google. com 3. www. wikipedia. com 4. www. amul. com [pic]

How Do We Come To Aid Others

Asian You 801 We will be happy to help others. We will help others help us too. Help others can enhance our own happiness. Helping others is a blessing. If you want to help people,you can read â€Å"Angels In the Snow† and â€Å"Mammalian. † The two articles are both about kids helped others and can inspiring you to help others. Can you help people? Holly SST. Lifer's â€Å"Angels In the Snow† tells about a group of Dragon Slayers rescues the victims. The Dragon Slayers have Erin Martinet,Pete Brown,Lydia Hess,and more.They live and work in Anis,Alaska. They respond to about 400 calls a year. Pete Brown trained brainchild for emergency medical training. And Brown's daughter, March,is medic rescue swimmer in the Navy. Emily Ann?s article tells about a girl named Mammalian. Mammalian was severely bullied her peers in her need to transfer school. She gradually gained confidence in her new school. She learned to love and the need for a community to help them gain a s ense of selectors. Mammalian used a computer and her social media technology â€Å"Hesitate† to help others achieve selflessness.She helped many people to overcome the bullying and exclusion. The stories inspired me by me should try our best to help people in needs. We can help them. In the article â€Å"Angels In the Snow† , â€Å"Martinet found the boy huddled behind the bathroom door and rushed him out to safety. † And in the Emily Ann.'s article, â€Å"Though her work she has been able to connect and empower millions of young people globally to help them realize he power of selfless and acceptance as a means to overcome bullying and exclusion. Martinet is a Dragon Slayer who helped a boy, and Mammalian is a students helped some peer. Think we should act like them to help people who need to help. In the article â€Å"Mammalian†, â€Å"so she took advantage of the resources available to her : a computer, internet connection, and social media, know, to build an online community for youth.

Ethical statement Essay

In this end of module assignment I have adhered to the E100 ethical guidance by ensuring that I have changed all names including children, parents and colleagues. I have gained signed permission from parents to say that for the purpose of my study I can observe selected children. I can confirm that I have only used material drawn from the setting identified within the employer permission agreement form. Introduction In my end of module assignment I will be discussing how I as a practitioner have developed throughout the E100 module. I will also be reviewing parts of my learning while studying towards an early year’s degree with The Open University. My assignment will include areas in which I have developed within my role including examples of how I have changed my practice due to things that I have learnt over the past year. In order to structure my assignment I will include the first paragraph which will be an insight into why I chose to study the E100 module then I will be using the chapter titles from study topic 18 as sub headings, they will be as follows – section one ‘Reflective practice’ then section two ‘A community of practice’ then section three ‘enquiry based leadership and development’ and finally section four ‘planning professional leadership and development’. In each of these sections I will discuss how the study top ics and course materials have helped me develop my own practice. Also as an appendix to my assignment I will include a Professional Development Plan and will discuss links between my development over the last year and the E100 course materials. I currently work in a setting that has children between the age of three months and five years. At the moment I am working with the pre –school age range, there are currently 35 children registered into the pre-school, but we only have a maximum of 24 children per day and a team of three practitioners one of which is a qualified teacher. E100 The Early Years: Developing practice The E100 module was a good choice for me to begin my study with the Open University. I decided to undertake the Honours degree in Early Years Care to develop my understanding of the way in which children learn and develop and also to develop my own practice and gain new insights into the everyday care  of children and young people. Reflective practice The term reflective practice is commonly used with in Early Years settings and involves critically analyzing actions in the aim to improve professional practice. When reflecting on practice it is important to identify good and bad practice that can then be used to develop strengths and weaknesses and areas in need of development. In study topic one regarding ‘roles and responsibilities and reflecting on practice’ it says â€Å"We live and work in a time of rapid change in terms of how childhood is thought of and experienced† (Miller L., Devereux J and Callan S pg 18) When working within the early year’s sector it is important that you are able to deal with change in a positive way. During this past year while studying the E100 module I have had to change the ways in I work on many occasions partly due to my position in the setting and partly because of what I have learnt and how I have developed. A good example of this is when studying for and completing TM A 02 about attachment theory I discovered that while children develop they succeed at things more when they feel the support from their key person. After completing this TMA I decided to do some research into the work of Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby, following my research I thought of a way in which I could improve the way in which my settings key person scheme works. I suggested that when working as three members of staff with the maximum capacity of 24 children, we should try as close as we can to have our key children with us for example when completing a craft activity myself and my group of key children could complete the activity then leave it set up for the next practitioner and their key children to complete it and so on. This works well now in my setting as the children feel secure with their key person and have a good understanding of what they will be doing that day and when. It has had a positive reaction on the children’s behaviour as the day flows more smoothly and they have a routine in place, the children also know that if they are unsure of anything they can ask their key person as they will be the one running the activities for them. Peter Moss in reader two chapter eighteen says â€Å"The education and continuous professional development of this reflective and democratic professional involves deepening understanding of t hese values and learning how to give expression to them in every day practice† (Moss P 2008) This is very important and is a  skill that I think I have gained throughout the E100 module. I now feel that I can reflect on my practice good or bad and develop ways in which I can improve myself and the setting I work in. A community of practice A community of practice is a term used to describe a group/sector of people that work together at one profession but often in many different ways. It is important that when working in Early Years care that the team of professionals can work together in order to provide good quality care for all the children. A good team is able to understand that they can gain knowledge and understanding by listening to opinions and experiences of other practitioners. It is through the process of sharing information that a team will bond and work together well. In study topic eighteen it says â€Å"As a community of practice evolves, its function is to reflect collaboratively and develop shared approaches† (Craft A., Reed M., Jones C., Goodliff G and Callan C 2012 pg 153) This links into the work I completed during study topic two and while completing TMA 01 ‘The influence of policy in my early years setting’. While studying study topic two I learnt that in order for the children to develop to their full potential there must be team that works really well together to provide high quality childcare. This suggests that there must be structure such as daily routine and weekly planning sheets. From studying this module I and the team in pre-school have held meetings to devise ways in which we can improve the current planning provision. I came up with the idea of structuring the planning in a simple way to ensure that all practitioners understand what they have to do that week. In reader two chapter nineteen developed by Alice Paige-Smith and Anna Craft it says â€Å"In becoming who we are as practitioners then, we build on layer upon layer of experience – our own and that of others generated by working with various communities† (Paige – Smith A and Craft A 2008 pg 192 (a) I feel that this statement is very much true as it is important to bring to your setting experiences and opinions you have gained from past encounters. This links again into the work I did around attachment theory and how children feel about people in the lives and things they have experienced. In reader two chapter 19 ‘Reflection and developing a community of practice’ it says â€Å"Professionals who work with young children in England are required to fulfil a range of policy based expectations within their  provisions, relating to curriculum, assessment and access to learning opportunities† ( Paige-Smith A and Craft A 2008 pg 194 (b) This state ment is very much true but in my opinion there is too much planning and paperwork to be done within settings. I feel that more time should be spent with the children to ensure that they are really enjoying their early learning experiences. While reading chapter 24 of reader one I came across points made by Vicky Hurst and Jenefer Joseph regarding ‘Parents and Practitioners’ they say that â€Å"Contacts with the home should be seen as part of the curriculum, and a part of the practitioner’s responsibility to provide for children’s learning in ways which suit them† (Hurst V Joseph J pg 264 1998) I fully agree with this statement and have recently held mini meetings with the parents of my key children to discover where they as the parents feel that their children are in their development progress and explain if I feel differently to their opinions or have any concerns. Mainly I used this time to interact with the parents on a more in formal level in order to build good relationships and enable them to understand that they can approach me about any concerns they may have regarding their Childs development process. This then led the other practitioners to follow my lead and arrange meetings for themselves with their key children’s parents this made me feel very proud as they had taken my idea and used it for themselves in order to better the provision of the setting and gain better understanding of the children in their care. When working as a community of practice it is essential that all members of the team are aware of their position, roles and responsibilities. The setting should run like a well oiled machine. In reader one chapter 4 it says â€Å"Each team member needs the confidence of understanding where the pieces of the jigsaw fit† (Read M Rees M pg 50 2000 (a) This is very significant when working with the team in pre-school a t my setting we are all fully aware of our responsibilities and these are regularly reviewed to ensure that they are still relevant so that the members of the team don’t become stuck in their ways and not change their thinking as children develop. Enquiry based leadership and development The word leader or leadership basically is how one person or an organisation like a nursery setting can aid others in the accomplishment of tasks or could also mean someone who people follow or the person a team look to. A  few examples of this are the room leaders of settings that manage the day to day planning and over see the running and routines. When working in childcare it is important to have leadership skills because as practitioners we are leading children into school life and ensuring that they are as fully prepared as they can be. While studying this module I have developed immensely and now understand more about the different sectors of childcare for example nannies, childminders and more information about settings. While reading chapter twenty four of reader two I learnt that leadership is really important when running an early years setting. In the chapter it says â€Å"Practitioners need support if they are to preserve in changing their practice† (Anning A Edw ards A 2006 pg 236) I believe this statement to be true as a practitioner I have witnessed that if you work within a supportive network you’re more likely to succeed along your chosen career path. There are many skills involved in being a good practitioner, using study topic 18 I have picked out a few that relate myself ; Lead by example – this is very important when working with children as well as other adults, children are likely to model behaviour they see while in the setting so it is a must that I act professionally and use correct language at all times. Admit mistakes – if I have made a mistake or even completed a task that I felt didn’t go very well, I always reflect on the situation and think of ways to develop it. We have staff observations that other practitioners complete if they see good or bad practice that we then reflect on in the next staff appraisal. Effectively transfer information about children and families – I feel I am really good at building relationships with the children their parents and other practitioners. Communication is a big part of everyday practice and being able to communicate is a valuable skill. These are just a few examples but there are many more skills that define a person as a good practitioner. In chapter four of reader one regarding ‘Working in teams in early years settings’ it says â€Å"Successful team work requires a group of individuals to share the daily working experience in a positive and proactive manner.†(Read M Rees M 2000 pg 47 (b) It is essenti al to be part of a good team that can tackle any situation and work together effectively. I recently started in my current setting and fitted in quickly within the team; I felt welcomed and was told my roles and responsibilities in a clear simple way. Now I’m settled in and the team feels like a little family. I have really developed  a clear understanding of what I need to do on a daily basis and often act as room leader when she is on holiday or sick etc I feel that I am very good at stepping up to the plate and taking charge. An example of this would be on a week where I was acting as the room lead a new apprentice started working with us I remembered how I felt on my first day and the things the team did to welcome me and then made sure that the apprentice felt the same way. I also ensured that the children felt safe around the new apprentice and that they all new why she was there and her name. In chapter four is a quote I feel fits well into the subject of inclusion within a team, â€Å"Each team member needs the confidence of the understanding where the pieces of the jigsaw fit.†(Read M and Rees M 2000 pg 50 (c) A team will work more effectively if everyone knows what they have to do. Planning professional leadership and development In this last paragraph I am going to discuss my PDP (professional development plan) and how the E100 module has helped me towards reaching the goals of my PDP I will also discuss what attributes I feel make a good professional leader. Within my PDP I have stated that I would like to eventually open up my very own preschool after studying this module I have learnt a lot about what needs to be done to do this and researched more towards actually completing this goal. There are many different attributes that I feel make a good leader a few of which are; Enthusiasm – a good leader is very enthusiastic about their job and the role as a leader. Committed to excellence – a good leader is all about excellence, being second best should not be an option. Confident – a good leader should be confident within their role and encourage confidence from other team members. In study topic eighteen it says, â€Å"Leadership – the capacity to motivate and encourage others, for example to access training or implement a new way of working and to take on responsibility.† (Craft A., Reed M., Jones C., Goodliff G and Callan C 2012 pg 168 2012) When trying to improve yourself and further your career it is important to be able to give yourself short, medium and long term goals in my professional development plan I have included that eventually I would like to open up my own pre – school setting in which I plan to have a good  strong team that is professional and fully focused on the children and helping them reach their full potential. To full fill my dream I am going to have to work hard to complete the rest of my degree and use the new knowledge and understanding I gain to start my business with the childcare sector. Conclusion In conclusion I feel that my development while studying the E100 module has come on in leaps and bounds. Through studying with The Open University I feel I have gained a lot more confidence towards working with children and their families and building strong relationships. It has helped me develop my understanding of the profession and made me want to further my knowledge and develop my career goal of owning a pre-school. I look forward to beginning the next year of study with The Open University which will be the E105 module. This module has enabled me to reflect on my practice not only the good aspects but also things that I have done not so well being able to do this has made me feel a lot more professional in my role and has given me the confidence to apply for more supervisory roles within my community. Completing this EMA has influenced me greatly towards enrolling for future courses and developing my skills. Over the summer break I intend to complete online training courses to progress my own skills and knowledge. References Anning a Edwards A. (2006) ‘Creating contexts for professional development’ Miller L., Cable C and Goodliff G. ‘Supporting children’s learning in the early years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes the Open University. Craft A., Reed M., Jones C., Goodliff G. And Callan S. (2012) ‘study topic eighteen Professional learning, leadership and development’ E100 the Early Years: Developing practice, Milton Keynes the Open University. Hurst V and Joseph J (1998) ‘Parents and practitioners, sharing education’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes The Open University. Miller L., Devereux J. & Callan S. (2012) ‘study topic one Roles and Responsibilities’’ E100 The Early Years: Developing practice, Milton Keynes The Open University. Moss P (2008) ‘The democratic and reflective professional’ Miller L., Cable C. And Goodliff G. ‘Supporting children’s learning in the early years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/ Milton Keynes The Open University. Paige-Smith A and Craft A. (2008) ‘Reflection and developing a community of practice’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes The Open University. (a) Paige-Smith A and Craft A. (2008) ‘Reflection and developing a community of practice’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes The Open University.(b) Reed M and Rees M. (2000) ‘Working in teams in early years settings’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes The Open University. (a) page 50 Reed M and Rees M. (2000) ‘Working in teams in early years settings’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Mil ton Keynes The Open University. (b) page 47 Reed M and Rees M. (2000) ‘Working in teams in early years settings’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes The Open University. (c) Page 50

An Analysis Of Global Alliances

An Analysis Of Global Alliances As a matter of survival, airlines within the current environment are constantly reviewing and altering their strategies. An important component of any airlines’ strategy to remain viable and maintain competitive advantage in today’s setting is to pool resources and share risk, known as an alliance. A broad definition of an alliance that occurs in the aviation industry is the â€Å"collaboration between two or more firms that retain their autonomy during the course of their relationship† (Kleymann & Seristà ¶, 2004). To that end, there are certain variations of airline alliance in vogue today, in particular the Global Airline Alliance. Starting with a synopsis and identification of these alliance groups, the discussion will move to a selection and analysis of benefits and shortcomings that can be associated with global alliances from a business and consumer perspective. From here, an appreciation will be gained of the major airline alliances and typical rational e of alliance strategies. Currently, the most popular forms of coalition in the airline business are the non-equity marketing alliances known as Airline Alliance Groups (Kleymann & Seristà ¶, 2004) or Global Multicarrier Alliances (Cools & Roos, 2005). At the present time, the main global multicarrier alliance networks are Star Alliance, One World, and Skyteam (UBM, 2010). These alliances are predominantly a massive global network of multilateral codesharing and joint resource Air Service Agreements (ASA’s) between carriers. This allows a central point of contact for the passenger to â€Å"ensure a convenient, smooth and efficient worldwide travel experience† (Star Alliance, 1997). Although individual airlines are aligned under the umbrella of a single corporate entity, distinct airline brand identities and cultures are retained. These alliances have set out to revolutionise seamless air travel for the international passenger from hub to hub and beyond. Additionally, the synergies created were only possible due to astute governance of previously implausible collaboration. To that end, airline conglomerates now understand â€Å"The best way to generate real business growth and expansion is by forging the appropriate strategic partnerships† (Borovich & Yeheskel, 2001). From an airline business perspective, membership in a global alliance has one distinct, instantaneous and strategic advantage. Almost overnight, all member airlines’ geographic route structures will have expanded without costly capital investment in infrastructure and assets. This allows airlines to service routes that were previously deemed non-profitable or inaccessible, albeit on other alliance members’ aircraft. This â€Å"complementary alliance† (Oum & Park, 1997, as cited in Chen & Ross, 2000, p. 328) has the flow on effect of generating untapped markets within the domestic environment and yielding higher load factors for all alliance members aircra ft operations. Henceforth, this produces larger revenues which in turn diminishes overhead costs and maintains more efficient airlines by lowering unit cost base (Doganis 2001, p. 76). While this contributes to diversification and larger profit margins for collaborating airlines, the traveller can be confident airfare cost will remain relatively reasonable assuming competition remains viable on any given route. This is a beneficial outcome for all involved, both airline businesses and the consumer. A comparable example where alliances between two airlines operating on the same route is however, considered anti-competitive (Chen & Ross, 2000, p 328). Here the competing airlines could strike a codeshare accord, typically after a tenuously long and protracted battle attempting to gain market share. This is routinely known as a â€Å"parallel alliance† (Oum & Park 1996, p. 190), however this is unfortunately likely to result in cartel type price fixing. This form of alliance gene rally benefits the airlines as it narrows competition and has a propensity to create a higher demand for a particular service, hence higher airfares (Chen & Ross, 2000, p 328). Conversely, the pre-alliance scenario utilising â€Å"capacity dumping† (NZ Parliament, 2006), where supply exceeds demand, only profits the consumer with ridiculously low and unsustainable airfares. This invariably serves to strengthen the dominant market leader’s position by financially eliminating the competition in the long term. These types of alliance are inherent of predatory behaviour with very little consumer benefit and require antitrust immunity (Bilotkach, 2005, p. 168). An example of this type of arrangement within the global alliance networks does exist, although on the exceedingly competitive North Atlantic route between Lufthansa and United Airlines (Kleymann & Seristà ¶, 2004, p. 23).

Human Variation in Skin Colour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Variation in Skin Colour - Essay Example One of the reasons why the globe has been facing slow economic growth is as a result of racial discrimination or social exclusion on human capital formation and economic contribution. Skin color has been one of the major obstacles on human capital contribution. The discriminated population having no access to education, economic and political opportunities has largely contributed to their limitation to acquire capacity to develop human capital hence lowering the economic values. Persons across the world should stem racial discrimination based on skin color and inject their time to develop human knowledge and skills that will contribute to economic growth and development. Across the globe schools and institutions face racial discrimination; having standardized testing for instance, has largely contributed to discrimination based on skin color, it being the assessments in a learning institution, it highly favors students from a specific social cultural background, while those students from racial minorities groups score poorly. In addition, the minority groups of students are educated in a low-income society where they cannot afford to purchases books as those schools that are set in middle or high-income areas. As a result of discrimination, the schools are forced to use old text books which further aggravate the extant of socio-economic differential established with skin color racial institutional discrimination. Structural racism also accentuate most institutional provisions that are identified as exceptional to certain group of people who form the majority of the people in the regions, such as the absence of labour unions or weak voices of the labour unions and disorganized... This paper aims to focus on skin color variation and racial discrimination based on economic, institutional and power. Species differ in the degree of their variability; it is believed that the degree of variation is higher in human beings than other species. Skin pigmentation is determined by the presence of melanin in human being skinned, and the color of the skin ranges from black to white. It is not completely certain that evolutions contributes to skin variation, however, the variation of the natural skin color can be determined by genetic processes. According to scientists, the Sub-Saharan Africans have the highest skin color diversity, whereby, their values of skin reflectance range from19 to 46, while the values of Europeans are range within 62 to 69 and the East Asians range from 58 to 59. Schools and institutions face racial discrimination, having standardized testing for instance, has largely contributed to discrimination based on skin color, because it highly favors stude nts from a specific social cultural background, while students from minorities groups score poorly. In conclusion, the question of human pigmentation is one of supreme relevance and one that holds the key to answering fundamental questions about our existence and may hold the key to generating a cure for various human ailments. And with the advent of new technology, scientists are delving deeper into the mystery. With this is the erosion of various racial stereotypes and ingrained social assumptions as what can be categorized as beautiful.