Dance Injury - Hamstrings Essay Example for Free

Move Injury Hamstrings Essay Move is a fine art. Proficient artists pride themselves for having the option to communicate convoluted feelings through the aesthetic translation of developments. Like sports, artists are extremely inclined to physical injury, that is, their work requires extraordinary physical preparing in which regularly bring about mellow or serious wounds. This exposition will endeavor to research and comprehend what is the hamstring strain or tear injury, how it happens, and approaches to forestall such injury. A move piece is established with an assortment of developments showed by the human body. One of the essential elements of the skeletal framework is to offer help and shape while the solid framework is to give a scope of developments by moving the various appendages of the body. In this manner, the kinesiology muscle of an artist that coordinates the leg into astounding moves is convoluted. The hamstring muscle bunch comprise of three muscle; the Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, and the Semimembranosus. The hamstring muscle bunch is situated at the rear of the thigh. As per â€Å"The Anatomy of Exercise and Movement†, the Bicep Femoris is the biggest and generally parallel of the three hamstring muscles. It has ‘the long head’ and ‘the short head’ making it a bicep muscle. Its basic role is to contract, subsequently helping in hip outward pivot. With respect to the next two hamstring muscles, the Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus are totally synergistic, doing likewise activities together. Working at the hip, the two muscles broaden and are dynamic in inner turn (pg.144). Every one of the three muscles in the hamstring muscle bunch have a similar birthplace, which is the Ischial Tuberosity, otherwise called the sitz bone, arranged at the base of the pelvis bone. Despite the fact that the F asdf hamstring muscle bunch have same beginnings, each muscle has an alternate inclusion, the Bicep Femoris; the head of Fibula (bone) and the horizontal of Tibia (bone), Semitendinosus; proximal of Tibia, average to Tebial Tuberosity, Semimembranosus; Tibia. The hamstring muscle bunch helps in broadening the leg in reverse and twisting the knees. Consequently, this particular gathering muscle helps in delivering move developments to be specific ‘plies’, ‘passe’, ‘attitude devant’, and ‘arabesq ue’. The hamstring strain or tear injury can be a force, a halfway tear or a total tear of the muscle. The strain or tear is to be found at the pinnacle of prolongation speed while delivering developments. This injury happens when the hamstring muscle bunch is ‘strain’ past its typical length while creating a specific flighty compression development. A strain or tear can likewise happen when the muscles are tested with an abrupt burden or work to deliver a development or a few developments. â€Å"A regular issue in artists is unevenness or asymmetry that can bring about hamstring injury. The lopsidedness could be strong or structural.† (livestrong.com). A case of such awkwardness is the point at which an artist is hitting the dance floor with an inclined pelvis. This can result to an over accentuation on the quadriceps muscles and just extending the hamstring bunch muscles. Livestrong.com keep on naming a rundown of reason how the hamstring bunch muscle can be harmed w hen an artist overstretches and ‘overuse injury’. Overstretching is by all accounts opposing, as a component of being an artist is to be adaptable. Most artists have a comparative mentality. On the off chance that the leg expansion isn't long or sufficiently high when performing developments, for example, a ‘battement’; the person in question just needs to loosen up the snugness. This activity can result to serious muscle strain. Subsequently, the ‘overuse injury’ can happen essentially from taking a shot at a particular move strategy or move development for a really long time. Without legitimate quality in the hamstrings, and rest for the muscles, the hamstrings experience consistent pressure and this can bring about tears and weakness (livestrong.com). There are different elements which improve the probability of enduring a hamstring strain or tear injury. Age, adaptability of the hamstring muscle gathering, just as sleepiness and absence of wellness are to be specific a portion of the contributing variab les to this injury. The hamstring strains or tear can be reviewed by the seriousness of the injury. Evaluation 1 comprises of minor tears inside the muscle. An evaluation 2 is a fractional tear in the muscle and grade 3 is an extreme or complete break of the muscle (sportsinjuryclinic.net). The indications of an evaluation 1 hamstring strain are; the harmed artist may feel a slight force or snugness and insignificant expanding in the back thigh. Thus, the person will know about slight inconvenience when strolling. Following on, grade 2 hamstring strains or tears might be related with intermittent abrupt twinges of torment while creating a development. Subsequently, step will be influenced and limping might be available. In addition, flexing and applying strain to the knees may cause torment. Consequently, an artist with grade 2 hamstring strain or tears may be not able to completely fix the knees. At last, strolling will be seriously debilitated in an evaluation 3 hamstring tear coming about to the need of strolling helps. An artist will feel serious agony especially while delivering a knee flexion. Notwithstanding all that is notice, an evaluation 2 and 3 hamstring strain or tear may in a roundabout way influence one’s stance. This is a consequence of driving forces moved by the sensory system from the hamstring muscle gathering to the Central Nervous System (CNS). The CNS comprises of the spinal line and the mind, transmitting motivations from the spinal string to the cerebrum. There are 5 sets of sacral plexus in the spinal string, containing four sacral nerves, which branch out, providing tangible to the muscles joined to the pelvis, hindquarters, and part of the lower appendages. The sciatic nerve, which branches out from the sacral plexus, is the longest nerve of the body and is liable for the agony related with the hamstring bunch muscle. â€Å"The nerve gracefully gets hindered by overabundance weight or harm and agony, is knowledgeable about the hips and posterior down through the knee to the ankle.† (A Holistic Guide to Anatomy and Physiology, 2006, pg.213). It is crucially significant that treatment for a pulled hamstring begins right away. The most significant stage for treatment is the initial 48 hours post-injury. Treatment of hamstring strains or tears will change contingent upon the sort of injury, its seriousness, and the requirements and desires for the patient. Be that as it may, treatment can be commonly isolated into two sorts; Non-Surgical treatment and Surgical Treatment. Most hamstring strains mend very well with straightforward non-careful medicines strategies, for example, R.I.C.E, an abbreviation for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. An artist who is encountering a hamstring strain should take rest, and maintain a strategic distance from exercises that strain the muscle gathering. Likewise, the person ought to apply cold packs a few times each day on the stressing region yet not legitimately onto the skin. Additionally, the patient should wear a flexible band for pressure to dodge all the more expanding and blood lost. To lessen expanding, the person ought to lean back, lifting the leg over the heart level. After R.I.C.E, artists who wish to restore from a hamstring strain ought to get exercise based recuperation medicines to reestablish the scope of movement and quality. Careful treatment is frequently performed for ligament separation wounds, where the ligament has pulled totally away from the bone. Like medicines, the span for a full recuperation from a hamstring strain and tear injury shift contingent upon its seriousness. An evaluation 1 injury will presumably take seven to ten days, an evaluation 2 injury will take four to about a month and a half anyway an evaluation 3 injury can take up to at least 4 months. â€Å"One of the most significant strategies for forestalling a pulled hamstring is to heat up accurately. This has been deductively demonstrated to diminish the danger of hamstring strain.†(sportsinjuryclinic.net). Warm-ups ought to progressively increment in power. In addition, most artists frequently neglect to comprehend the significance of reinforcing works out. Artists center a lot around extending the muscle, protracting however making it week and incapable to help the scope of movement when moving. Boyd Bender, a physical specialist for the Pacific Northwest Ballet expressed to fortify the hamstring muscle gathering, artists ought to likewise reinforce the quadriceps muscle gathering. This is on the grounds that these muscle bunches work in show. Whenever prepared effectively, the quality proportion ought to be 60% of quadriceps muscle gathering and 40% of hamstring muscle gathering, with each muscle bunch supporting and supplementing each other to forestall wounds. (findarticles.com). On move method classes, artists ought to likewise include Pilates and Gyrotonic class for elements of stretch, quality, and development for a balanced routine. Artists ought to likewise incorporate extending groups while rehearsing procedure. With the utilization of extending groups like Thera-Band, artists refine their strategy as well as fortify their muscle gatherings. The body is the instrument for an artist. Each artist should intend to accomplish ideal limit of their body through warm-ups, body molding, method classes, extending and chill off. Taking everything into account, artists ought to never work their body foolishly. Like all instruments, it ought to be refined and all around dealt with.

Declining Record Sales Who Is to Blame free essay sample

For quite a while at this point, deals of new and famous music have consistently declined and give no indication of evolving. The record organizations rush to accuse the developing notoriety of the Internet; music is being exchanged a computerized structure on the web, regularly namelessly, with the utilization of document sharing projects, for example, Morpheme, Aziza, and Mimes, to give some examples. The ARIA (Recording Industry Association of America) prevailing With regards to disbanding the pioneer Internet document sharing system, Anapest, however is confronting encounter with comparative projects that are getting away from American copyright laws.While there is a conspicuous association between declining well known music deals and expanding record sharing, there is more going on than the ARIA needs to concede. I will show that the chronicle organizations are overpricing their items, and not adequately utilizing the Internet as a chance to market and sell their items. I will start by portraying in more noteworthy detail the issue that the chronicle organizations are confronting, just as the developin g pandemic of online music exchanging. From that point, I will show the relationship between's the two and portray different elements influencing record deals, and how these patterns could be earned around to support the business. The Record Industry is in a tough situation, says Jan S. Champ in an article showing up in an ongoing Issue of Rolling Stone Magazine. Collection deals are presently down practically 20% from two years back, and the record business Is confronting the greatest retail slide since the Great Depression (Winner). Individuals are purchasing fewer and fewer items discharged by the chronicle organizations. No one questions that the music business is in trouble.Last year, worldwide deals of CDC were somewhere near 5% from 2000, the main fall since the organization was propelled (ANAPEST R. I. P). The Nielsen Sounds, used to report last deals to buyers, uncovered a portion of Its figures In a September 2002 Issue of Billboard Magazine. Nielsen Sounds reports that general music deals contrasted and the prior year were off by 12. 6%;while collection deals were off by 9. 8%. Absolute first-half units offered tumbled to 317. 7 million units from 363. 4 million; the quantity of collections sold slipped to 311. 1 million units from 344. 8 million [l a 8. 1% drop (Gritty).Even the quantity of collections that become hits is diminishing. At mid-year 2001, 37 titles had sold more than 1 million units each; partially through this ear, just 21 titles had sold that many, as per Nielsen Sounds (Gritty). Indeed, even marketing projections for singles are down. Deals are off by 63. 9à CO7 million units were sold in the initial a half year of 2002 vsvs.18. 6 million joins in a similar period in 2001 (GaGritty Not just are simply the organizations confronting tough situations, however the retail locations that sell music are additionally enduring their own misfortunes. MuMusicianstores, the biggest music retailer in the U.S. coContinueso report misfortunes and declining sasalesroomhe second from last quarter, the Minnetonka, MiMin-based organization reports another loss of $16. miMillioncompared with a misfortune a year ago of $144. 6 million (Jeffrey). The organization was even compelled to close a portion of Its stores. At quarters end, MuMusiciansperated 1476 ststoresuring the quarter, the organization shut the accompanying: Nine Sam Goody/MuMusicianstwo Media plays, one On Cud, and on U. K. stStore(Jeffrey). This difficult hits home in diversion items like CDCDCnd audissociateswas compelled to close in light of deficient revenues.Inhabitants of VeVermilionre now compelled to venture out somewhere in the range of 30 to 60 miles away to buy music disconnected. While this town clearly reflects ereremall level of buyers, the absence of promptly accessible music items surely won't help the declining record deals. The loads of music retailing organizations are likewise falling. Openly claimed music-retail chains have lost about $800 million in investor esteem in the course of the last not many {ears, as proceeding with value ward have made financial specialists escape these stocks and drive down their worth GeJeffreyThis has had an a lot bigger effect on retails than one may might suspect. Huge markdown chains like WaWallart and K-Mart have seen their stocks tumble or stay stale as of late, while others, as BrBeardlessave petitioned for aninerrancyrotection GeJeffrey An ongoing article in Rolling Stone audits the year 2002 as far as the music business. At the end of a bleak year for the music business, deals were down thirteen percent, cutbacks and list cuts were inescapable at numerous marks, and significant record-store anchors were attempti ng to endure (ElLilies20sasssusic, 11).The after chart from that article shows the distinction in top selling collections of late years. 2000 Top Selling Albums 2002 Top Selling Albums 0 No Strings Attached 3. 9 million EmMine The EmMinehow 7. 4 million EmMine The Marshall MaMattersPALP 9 million NeNewly NeMelville. 8 million 3rrewrittenpears 0 Oops! 01 Did it Again 7. 9 million AvAprilaLeaving Let Go 3. 9 million Creed 0 Human Clay 5. 6 million Dixie Chicks 0 Home 3. 4 million rhereifference is clear. At the main spot, EmMineold 2 million less duplicates n 2002 than ONOnionsid in a similar space just two years earlier.EmAminesop selling collection in 2002 was beat by the best three selling collections of 2000, and the distinction between the main and the number two selling collections in 2002 is about 3 million, contrasted with 20assessop two spread of 2,000,000. This diagram additionally xhexhibitsn craftsmen resilience. EmMines the main craftsman inside the best four for the two years appeared. This represents how conflicting the market is at making acceptable Why is the account business confronting such hardships? The RIARIAs fast to point its finger at the developing fame of Internet record sharing. What sort of music would individuals share online?Music aficionados would commonly share CDCDChat were as of late recorded and discharged in the more well known kinds. The most noteworthy wrongdoer of online music sharing is the 18-to-24-year-old cacatastrophescomputer astute clien t (Thompson, c-336). In light of this crowd, different kinds of music, for example, old style and Jazz were significantly less influenced. To start with, there was NaAnapestNaAnapestas the debut wellspring of illicit music downloading in the Internet. Anybody on the planet with an Internet association can download NaAnapestor free. From that point, the client would assign which documents the person is willing to OsShareWhen running NaAnapestall the client needed to do was type in what tune or craftsman they were searching for, much like an online web index works for site pages. NaAnapestould then hunt through the OsSharedfolders of different clients cap were as of now utilizing the program. As such, with no conventional correspondence or assent (outside of the permit understanding expressed during establishment), clients approached the OsSharedfolders of different clients and could move any records in the OsSharedfolders to and fro no sweat. Individuals would normally take their new CDCDCnd convert them in to mpMPHormat. From that point they could be downloaded from some other PC utilizing NaAnapestPeople abruptly had free access to for all intents and purposes any well known music wanted, with no proper assent from the music recording industry or the specialists having their documents shared. As one could foresee, the RIARIAas brisk to blame NaAnapestf disregarding this countrys copyright laws. NaAnapestas prosecuted and in the end requested to close down. At the point when an interests court gave a request last July compelling NaAnapesto shut down, there was a murmur of alleviation all through the chronicle business. It was the day free music kicked the bucket (Warner).The demise of NaAnapestas not the passing of Internet record sharing. Whats had its spot is much more unnerving for the music inindustryserhaps relentless. Theyre called record sharing administrations, or P2POPpeer-to-peer) nenetworkedhe three most well known nenewsaAzizaGrGrosserand MoAmorphousness consolidated 70 million dynamic clients, contrasted and just 20 million for NaAnapestn its prime (Warner). In America, the quantity of interesting clients of KaAzizaa NaAnapestlone, shot up by 1,491% in the a year to JuJunctureumber of clients in America of KaAzizaMoMorphemend AuAdditionallyall record sharing administrations, arrived at 14. 4mMmmore than 13. usUsingaAnapestt its pinnacle (NAANAPEST. I. P. ). A huge number of new clients Join the P2POParty each weweeklieshose arranges by one way or another get shut down, others will spring up in their place. 0TTheseetworks are Just devices to get what I need, a KaAzizaser named ErErikiidolshe record industry breaks these apparatuses, you go out and discover another' (Warner). The business will experience difficulty closing down these NaAnapestlones. The makers of these P2POPetworks have little command over what they made and cant tell whos downloading what record, regardless of whether its an EmMineong or Grandmas formula for blueberry pie (Warner).The makers blame this so as to get away from obligation charges, basically on the grounds that they can't see or control the criminal behavior. In an ongoing court administering, it was demonstrated that there was no proof that GrGrossernd amnameuling finished up by and large that organizations behind internet providers for sharing music and motion pictures are not to fault for any unlawful rep licating directed by the administrations clients (VeVega The new P2Pepsre likewise totally decentralized. One of the two makers of KaAzizaNiNikolaseCementerssays, the main way the framework can be closed down is if each client chose for handicap his program (Warner). ShShermanthe organization shaped by the makers of KaAzizaescapes copyright laws by finding itself on a gathering of islands in the South Pacific called VaVauntwhile GrGrossers situated in a 26-square-mile visitor heaven in the West Indies called Nevis. On account of the decentralization of these projects, just as their abroad base camp, the RIARIAs compelled to concede that their cases against KaAzizaGrGrosserand MoMorphemeare not as solid as those against NaAnapest (Warner). What is accessible on these P2POPetworks? The appropriate response is basic: for all intents and purposes everything in visual and sound entertainment.MeMetallicirst start

Management Survey - SPSS Example

Management Survey - SPSS Example Management Survey - SPSS â€" Assignment Example > Critique and Analyses of Survey Data â€" “Management Sciences Institute”, UK, Survey Questionnaire IntroductionThe “Management Sciences Institute”, UK, has prepared a questionnaire that it has distributed to its members so that it could conduct a survey. The primary intention behind conducting the survey is to gather data to assist the organisation in preparing for conferences, publication of its magazines and journals and putting together advertisements for posts required by other organisations to be filled by professionals belonging to it. The organisation has 3,000 members to all of whom the questionnaire was mailed. As in relevance to this report data from 300 respondents has been considered for analyses. Part A - Critique of the Questionnaire The “Management Sciences Institute”, UK, questionnaire is a 27-item affair that is strategically divided into the following five main areas. Questions 1-8 pertain to the members’ personal detailsQuestions 9-14 pertain to th e manner in which members interact with the Institute’s Annual Conference initiativesQuestions 15-20 pertain to the Institutes Publications and the manner in which the members view and utilise themQuestions 21-24 pertain to the Institute’s Website and the manner in which individual members view and utilise itQuestions 25-27 constitute 3 questions that assess how members are involved in the Institute’s activities and how they view its committee After adequate study of the questionnaire and other relevant questionnaires prepared for the same purpose for other professional bodies it is found that the items are all relevant to the issue at hand and they also do the job efficiently. Thus, this critique does not in any manner deem it necessary to either add or detract any item to or from the existing list. Nevertheless, it is found necessary to comment on how some of the scoring of the questions can be done so that analyses of responses can be speedily processed and results can be construed efficiently. Scoring: For this purpose question items are taken individually and main area-wise. Members’ Personal Details: Questions 1-8 that pertains to this area has one singularity. Question 1, which seeks to delineate whether a member is an analyst, manager, consultant or academic constitutes an independent variable upon which the other variables in this area are dependent. Thus, it is necessary to at first determine whether a member is any one of these four categories before the other details elicited can be analysed according to this independent variable. This is done in sections 2 3 of Part B and it is found that results are easily derivable and construable. Thus, it is found that consultants are the best paid of the four while academics have the eldest age group. Now, something must be said as to how the various items in this area can be scored. Question 2 is not considered too germane to the issue at hand. Question 3 is an interesting case as it asks the me mbers to state in which part of England they operate. If the following scale is assigned â€" Scotland (1), North England (2), Midlands/Wales (3), South West England (4) and South East/London (5) it is found that the mean of the highest scale 5 is 2.5. This signifies that if the average score for this item is above 2.5 the members primarily operate in the south of England. Any average below that signify that most members operate above that region more the north. This is a rough but very useful indicator of where most members in a particular category are from.

History of Japanese Technology Evolution Essay examples

History of Japanese Technology Evolution Content Introduction 1 Brief History till Early 20th Century 2 Post World War II 3 Conclusion 5 Reference 7 History of Japanese Technology Evolution Introduction It is probably safe to say that most people of this society are familiar with the significance of U.S. science and technology. Often overlooked, however, is the key role played by the next most technologically innovative nation—Japan. From automobiles to video game consoles to invisibility cloaks[1], advances developed in Japan have impressed the world for centuries[2] and affect our lives in many different ways. Japan is a leading nation in scientific research, particularly technology, machinery and biomedical†¦show more content†¦It was identified, in other words, with such emblems of western industrial might as the steam engine, the blast furnace and the spinning mule.[11] After the Second World War, a strategy was put forward by bureaucrats and administrators in the government which favored the importation and adaptation of overseas technology. Industries with world market potential were targeted for development. With the outbreak for the Korean War in Jun 1950, Japan became a supply base for the U.S military. As tension mounted between the U.S and the Soviet Union, Washington developed a world strategy that included a resumption of military production in Japan in order to rearm the country and to secure a source of military supplies for other Asian nations. Despite resistance on the part of the Japanese and their desire to create a ‘rich nation without a strong army’[12], the militaristic aspects of Japanese science and technology and their economy remain. Post World War II The Second World War ended in the tragically damage by the world first nuclear attack, and in the devastation of almost every city and in the collapse of the whole industry. From 1945 to 1952 the Allied Forces occupied Japan, dismantled its army, navy, munitions and aircraft industries, in addition to the dissolution of the large concerns commonly called zaibatsu -property group. Millions, including the veteran soldiers were unemployed and more people lacked in daily food or home. [13] In spite of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on History of Japanese Art1027 Words   |  5 Pagesrole in Japanese culture. These forms of artwork varied from everything from pottery to clay figurines. Overall, the majority of Japanese art was and still is considered to be of high importance in Japanese history. However, the most intriguing and unique form of art was the Isho-ningyo and Iki-ningyo dolls, otherwise known as the fashion doll and the â€Å"living doll†. Both the Isho-ningyo and the Iki-ningyo were merely two of the plentiful assortment of dolls created by the famous Japanese artisanRead MoreThe Impact Of Photography On Digital Photography965 Words   |  4 Pagesis a word derived from the Greek words, photos meaning light and graphein meaning to draw† (History of Photography). The word was first used by the scientist Sir John F.W. Herschel in 1839 (History of Photography and the Camera). It is a method of recording images by the action of light, or related radiat ion, on a sensitive material. The end of the 19th century was an important time in camera history. Shutters were incorporated into cameras, the size of the devices decreased and these moments setRead MoreA Historical Movie Need Not Be 100% True Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesAdvanced information technology is widely used in the millennium age. History is can be reprinted, re-edited and re-presented (Chan, 2013). Relatively, history can be shown in a more realistic way than before. Audience can spend few hours to have a brief understanding of history. However, I think the motivation of making historical movie is not merely for education but consists of other reasons. Seediq Bale will be taken as an example for elaboration. Firstly, the movie is a review of modern valueRead MoreThe Meiji Restoration: A Crucial Moment in the History of Japan965 Words   |  4 Pageslargest national economy after the United States and China as per the 2011 figures. The development of the Japanese economy to reach such a status happened in time and especially after the Restoration of the Meji Dynasty in 1868. Since then, Japan was in constant contact with the western world especially with the United States. The Meji Restoration was a crucial moment in the history of the Japanese state and its culture because it provided the historical breakaway from the Shogun period and opened theRead MoreThe Evolution of Total Quality Management1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of Total Quality Management A useful way to begin to understand the evolution of TQM is to link it to show how the industrial world was developing at the time TQM was evolving. Until the industrial revolution in the mid 18th century, most goods were custom made. Industrialisation brought about a fundamental shift from cottage industry production to large scale manufacturing. Simultaneously, industrial activity underwent extensive mechanisation. As explained by Ho, ‘craftsmen wereRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Society1297 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we look at our history, power has always been determined by those who are able to take it through physical strength. However, technology has changed that idea. It is those that have knowledge of technology that are now able to gain power. There has been a lot of debate about what technology is really doing to our society, but with power there is always responsibility. Technology is not to blame, but the ethics of those with power. Power and Control History and the evolution of human beings willRead MoreThe Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay867 Words   |  4 Pageswith the detonation of two Japanese cities. By learning and understanding enables us to create a better picture of the world. In doing research, Steve Sheiken, an historical researcher concluded, â€Å"Of the 76,00 buildings that stood†¦70,000 were completely destroyed in Hiroshima (Sheinkin, 204).† I am here only to inform the effects of the atomic bombing, impacting Japanese lives. These attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki remains one of the most infamous tragedies in history because of the large numberRead More The Technological Revolution901 Words   |  4 Pagesinnovations, the American view of science and technology is constantly fluctuating. The ever-evolving image of science and technology in the United States is usually due to how the most recent developments in science and technology contribute, whether in a perceived positive of negative light. In times such as war, where technology essentially determines the outcome, the public’s perception of technology becomes essential, as well as the implementation of said technology. Many other factors are pertinentRead MoreThe Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay866 Words   |  4 Pagescame with the detonation of two Japanese cities. Learning and understanding enable us to create a better picture of the world. In doing research, Steve Sheiken, a historical researcher concluded, â€Å"Of the 76,00 buildings that stood†¦70,000 were destroyed in Hiroshima (Sheinkin, 204).† I am here only to inform the effects of the atomic bombing, impacting Japanese lives. These attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki remain as one of the most infamous tragedies in history, mainly because of the large numberRead MoreOn the Evolution of War802 Words   |  4 PagesOn the Evolution of War World War II was the first â€Å"high-tech† war. While there had been new technologies in World War I, they did not have the lasting impact on modern society like World War II innovations. During the Second World War, countries poured all of their resources into developmental and operations research. Scientists invented technologies for practical and immediate purposes instead of conducting experiments to more deeply understand the natural world. The World War II weapons race

Analyzing and Defining Gangs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1269 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Descriptive essay Did you like this example? Popular perceptions of gang activity are often based on sensationalized images created in the media. They vary from dramatic reports of gangland shootings to images of young men terrorizing the local neighborhood. Indeed, there are elements of gang culture that are criminal and threatening for the local population; however, gang culture is so complex that a single definition has yet to be agreed upon by social scientists. The primary issue of controversy is whether criminality is a central and causal. Thrashers (1927) pioneering study was the first to look at group processes and psychology of gang life. Through his study of 1,313 Chicago gangs, he concluded gangs are part of the psychological and group process of teenagers in economically deprived communities. He believed gangs are: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analyzing and Defining Gangs" essay for you Create order group(s) originally formed spontaneously, and then integrated through conflict.characterized by the following types of behavior: meeting face to face, milling, movement through space as a unit, conflict, and planning. The result.is the development of tradition, unreflective internal structure, esprit de corps, solidarity, morale, group awareness, and attachment to a local territory. (pg 46) By the 50s and 60s, the popular view changed the perception of gangs became one of fear and threat.. Miller (1975) and Klein (1971) published papers defining gangs as innately criminal. Millers pessimistic perspective is apparent in his classification of gangs as: a group of recurrently associating individuals with identifiable leadership and internal organization, identifying with or claiming control over territory in the community, and engaging either individually or collectively in violent or other forms of illegal behavior (pg 9). Miller was echoed by Klein (1971), who defined gangs as: any denotable group of youngsters who..recognize themselves as a notable group. (and) have been involved in a sufficient number of delinquent incidents to call forth a consistent negative response from..residents and/or law enforcement agencies (pg 13) This theme was taken up by law enforcement agencies, and the idea of the gang as a part of the moral order of the community was subsequently gone. The sociological definition of gang was replaced by terms mainly useful to law enforcement, which are still used to this day. Brantley and DiRosa of the FBI (1994) describe gangs as groups of individuals..who associate on a continual basis for the purpose of committing criminal acts. But other researchers maintain the Thrasher group process hypothesis. Moore argues against Miller and Kleins definitions, as she believes they are circular: the definitions include the very behaviour i.e. crime that they are trying to understand. Thrasher and Moores definitions differ significantly from Klein and Millers. Moore (1998) believes criminality is not inherent to gangs and views them instead as unsupervised peer groupssocialized by the streets rather than by conventional institutions. The debate continues, and the lack of agreement regarding the defining features of gangs has made consistent findings and generalizations problematic. Criminal activity remains a pivotal issue in the debate; the criminality of gangs waxes and wanes, and to use criminality to distinguish a group from a gangs is a misleading and unhelpful process. The Phenomenon Gang in the UK and USA Discuss. Anywhere in the world were there are unsettled neighborhoods or a transient population, there are likely to be gangs of youths, coming together to seek the security, sense of belonging and structure they lack in their communities. Traditionally, UK interventions to curtail gang activity have been based largely on the US model, where gang conflict has a long and complex history. However research into why youths join gangs in the UK found important differences between British gangs and their US counterparts, which has lead to a change in the British governments approach. British gangs tend to be gentler than those in America, which are more likely to generate distinct identities, rigid structures and be involved in criminal acts (Klein, 1995). UK gangs lack the American-style initiation ceremonies and specific styles of clothing. In the USA large portions of the population exist on the edge of communities, creating breading grounds for criminal street gangs. In certain urban ghettos men rejoice when they reach 25 years of age because gangland fighting kills more young people than illness or accidents (Community Cares, 1994). Often these areas will be economically deprived. The longstanding social security system in the UK has prevented the same situation occurring. The USA takes a different approach and makes frequent cuts in its social program, investing instead in its penal system. In 2003 the British government proposed to revamp youth services, in an effort to reverse the 18% decrease in youth services since the 1980s. The new legislation places a requirement upon all local authorities to meet certain standards by 2005, and expects them to critically assessment the youth service provision within their area. Councils were asked to make a promise to youths to provide not only the usual meeting places for personal and social development, (i.e. youth clubs and activities), but also programmes related to peer education and ways of ensuring their views are heard. The government pledged 83m to the programme. However, the British government are also taking a stronger stance against antisocial behavior, which frequently involves gangs of adolescents. Although the new anti-social behavior legislation is not aimed specifically at gangs, its purpose is to reduce feelings of intimidation within communities, which is often concurrent with gang formation. Once an Anti-Social Behavior Order (ASBO) is issued, the accused must abide by the stipulations in the ASBO or potentially face criminal proceedings. The US was similarly preoccupied with anti-social behavior in the 1990s, when task forces such as Operation Weed and Seed, and the Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services anti-gang drive, had at its core the desire curb or contain street gangs. New legislation was passed and many states enacted statutes to assist law enforcers. In both the US and UK, this was a response to a concerned electorate, made anxious by the tabloid media. There must be a move in the US towards interventions that do not criminalize young people. The question that should be asked is why are young people joining gangs. The answer is well researched; the need for structure, nurturing, a sense of belonging and perceived economic opportunity create breeding grounds for gangs. If goverments adopt adequate social security programs to meet these basic needs, gangs will not evolve they ultimatly reflect the society that has shaped them. References Brantley, A. C., DiRosa, A. (1994) Gangs: A National Perspective. The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. New York Klein, M. W. (1995) The American Street Gang. Oxford University Press. New York. Koutos, L., Brotherton, D., Barrios, L. (2003) Gangs and Society: Alternative Perspectives. Columbia University Press. Miller, W. (1975) Violence by Youth Gangs and Youth Groups as a Crime problem in Major American Cities. Washington Department of Justice. Washington. Moore, J. W. 1998. Understanding Youth Street Gangs: Economic Restructuring and the Urban Underclass. In M. W. Watts (Ed.), Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Youth and Violence (pp. 65-78), Stamford, CT: JAI. Thrasher, F. M. (1927) The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago III. University of Chicago Press. USA (1994) Community Cares (1994). Socialist review, 179. Retrieved February 10, 2006, from https://pubs.socialist reviewindex.org.uk/sr179/msmith.htm

Seattle Central Community College Free Essays

In my desire to have a sturdier foundation in establishing my dream and to enhance my values to be a stronger person, I have decided to transfer to Seattle University. In my previous school, Seattle Central Community College, I had been afforded with adequate education for my chosen course. However, I have decided to change my chosen my path to a better one. We will write a custom essay sample on Seattle Central Community College or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, I have shifted to (course to enroll in Seattle University) in Seattle University. Undeniably, Seattle University has established its reputation in the field of education. The members of its faculty are also respected for their dedication in imparting their time and effort in developing the talents and skills of their students. The school is also complete with facilities necessary in making their students comfortable and contented in their studies. The school’s environment is also perfect as it provides for a learning ambiance that adds motivation for students. The school is indeed a great choice in the realization of my dream. I have also been inspired by the school’s mission and vision in producing students who will not only be successful in their chosen career but also an inspiration in the society because of their values and attitude towards societal problems. Notably, one of the school’s ways of educating their students is opening their minds about poverty, injustice, discrimination and other societal problems. As for me, I have been aspiring to share my life in helping my country by contributing to the minimization of these problems. I also realized that fulfillment does not come by any degree earned but by every simple yet great deeds and helping others from their pain. For me, I want to explore and understand more about these problems in order to decide my own way of helping and to being an asset of the society. In reaching this goal, I have confidence that Seattle University is the perfect institution that can provide me the values, experience, knowledge and the skills I need. Remarkably, faith is the foremost essential value that shields and protects an individual in battling all the trials and difficulties that may arise in the future. Through faith, one becomes stronger and fully spirited in taking his journey in life. As a Catholic individual, I have been found on faith. My parents have been imparting me important values that are necessary in dealing with life and to be a better person. In going on with my journey, I desire that the Catholic institution will continue to guide me. This will not only strengthen my faith but will also remind me of the basic values that I may come to forget when exposed in another environment. Furthermore, I long to enroll in Seattle University because I am fond of making friends with students from around the globe. At Seattle University, I will not be having difficulty in finding friends of different races because the school is diversified which is populated with students from all parts of the world. Through diversity, I also wish to join student organizations in the school in order to gain more friends and additional input necessary in the development of my personality. Through these organizations, I believe that my self-confidence will be improved. At the same time, I am interested in joining volunteer community activities that any organizations may be engaging into. By reaching out to those in needs, I will be able to experience real life. I will also explore the outside world. More importantly, these activities will give me an opportunity to help others in my own simple way. To reiterate, I am determined to transfer to Seattle University because I want to improve my academic capability, values, attitude, and skills. In addition, I also want to make new friends and join organizations that are engaged in helping communities. Furthermore, I have chosen this institution because I am confident that it has all the factors needed in the realization of my dream an in making me a better person. How to cite Seattle Central Community College, Papers

Collin Car Parking System Vision Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Collin Car Parking System. Answer: System vision document: Problem statement Considering the recent scenario of the global cities it can be said that an organized parking system is the need of the hour. Unauthorized parking in the every hook and corner creates inconvenience for the travelers. Considering the case study of the Collins car park system it can be seen that the main requirements of the system is developing an innovative car parking model that could address the existing problems. The main business requirements of the Collins car parking model are easy customer registrations, creating a portal of online ticket booking, installation of the ticket checking system, system for ticket generation, stringent security measures both for the vehicles of the customers as well as ensuring security for the customer credentials. Ensuring customer satisfaction by creating a portal for customer feedback is also one of the requirements for the Collins car parking business (Lee Lee, 2014). Apart from this, the other business requirements involve reaching out to maxi mum number of customers and extending its business worldwide. Most of the existing car parking models are time consuming considering the mode of payment, ticket checking or ticket generation. Collins car parking model offers much improvised solution to these problems. It provides automatic access to the parking area. The affixed ticket holders just have to insert their tickets in the slot installed in the control pillar and the other customers are required to press the button on the control pillar which produces a print out of the ticket. Although all these factors are instrumental in attracting more customers but upgrading the model to a digital system where customer can check availability of the car parking spots online are some of the innovation that the customers expects. System capabilities The Collins car parking model provides a structured solution for their customers. The regular customers of the Collins can book their spaces in advance for months or weeks. Their fixed customers are given an affixed ticket bearing their details, each time the customer have to park the vehicle he/she is required to scan the ticket before entry thus enabling easy access to the car park. Other than this Collinss aspires to extend its operating centers thus reaching out to more number of people. Keeping all these factors in mind, it can be said that the Collins car parking system can attract more customers compared to the other prevailing models in the market (Attias, 2017). The Collins aims to implement a completely digitalized system by incorporating RFID technology which in turn will ensure more efficient utilization of the parking spots also it will enable the user to check the available spaces from the mobile applications. The Collins can further extend its service by launching the mobile applications to other platforms such as web applications and windows phone (Zheng, Rajasegarar Leckie, 2015). Other business scopes of Collins car parking is installation of the automatic security system for the Collins car park. The system capabilities of the Collins car parking can also be summarized as the following points: Customer can access the Collins service online with the help of mobile applications. Provides different schemes for the regular and the normal customers. Strict monitoring of the security system, which in turn increases customer satisfaction (Patil Bhonge, 2013). The Collins car parking aims to extend its car parks in remote locations as well. Provides various options for payment and booking modes. The customer can choose the mode of payment as per his/her convenience. Easy access and easy exit from the car park. System benefits The following points draw a light on the benefits of the Collins car parking model: The Collins car parking provides different services for their regular and normal customers. The services offered to their regular customers is less time consuming. The Collins provides services of booking and ticket generation in much simpler manner compared to the other existing car parking business in the market. Such less time consuming services and simpler mode of obtaining these services is one the many advantages that the Collins car parking business provides. Constant security monitoring of the Collins is one of the major advantages that the Collins provide. The stringent security measures of the Collins car park give extra assurance to their customers regarding the safeguarding of their vehicles. The system assures regular monitoring of the security guards duty. The duration and number of times the security guards visits the car parks are marked regularly. The system installed in each of the Collins car park is easier to understand. Thus making the services simpler and reaching out to more categories of customers. The operations required to be performed while entering and exiting the car park is easier to understand to people of all age groups and categories. The system installed in the control pillar of each of the car parks is regularly monitored thus making the system less prone to corrupt in the busy hours of the day. The Collins are also planning to make innovation in its existing system. Different mode of payments for the booking purpose also made the service more accessible to the users. The costs of the services are also economical compared to the other available services in the market. The customers can book the service as per their requirements. The Collins also tends to extend its services in the android as well as website applications which will lead to more easier access to their customers. Such mobile applications will allow the customer to avail the Collins services online with the help of their smart phones and laptops. Required resources for the Collins car parking business The following are the list of the resources that the Collins will require in order to run its business: Infrastructure for the setting up the business. Sufficient spaces for increasing their operating centers. A software maintenance team who would monitor and regulate the software regularly. Business development team. Business administrative and a management team. A marketing team who would look after the advertisement of the Collins car parking and would review the customers feedback. A quality assurance team who would check the quality of the raw materials before installation of the system in the car parking plot. A risk management team. Accounts department who would look after the financial status of the business. Feasibility of the Collins business A sudden natural calamity such as earthquake, storms can be a set-back for the Collins car parking business as this may destruct the car parking properties. Other risks that the Collins business is exposed to are the shortage of car parking spaces compared to that of the customer demands; this in turn can create a negative impact on the customers (Barone et al., 2013). Apart from these, hike in prices of the land where the Collins intend to set up its operating centre is also one of the risks that the Collins might face and risks related to security of the customers vehicles and credentials are some of the major risk that the Collins car parking business is exposed to (Rusmin, Osmond Syaichu-Rohman, 2013). As the Collins tends to implement an automatic car parking model, there might rise situations where the system fails in the busy hours of the day. The Collins car parking system does not make much difference for their ordinary customers. The other car parking system available in the market also provides almost same service as that of the Collins to their ordinary customers. Other limitations of the Collins can be unavailability of the parking spaces in busy hours (Kaur Singh, 2013). Apart from these Collins does not provide parking facilities for public transport system it only provides services for the private vehicles. References Aalsalem, M. Y., Khan, W. Z., Dhabbah, K. M. (2015, July). An automated vehicle parking monitoring and management system using ANPR cameras. InAdvanced Communication Technology (ICACT), 2015 17th International Conference on(pp. 706-710). IEEE. Attias, D. (2017). The Autonomous Car, a Disruptive Business Model?. InThe Automobile Revolution(pp. 99-113). Springer, Cham. Barone, R. E., Giuffr, T., Siniscalchi, S. M., Morgano, M. A., Tesoriere, G. (2013). Architecture for parking management in smart cities.IET Intelligent Transport Systems,8(5), 445-452. Budd, L., Ison, S., Budd, T. (2013). An empirical examination of the growing phenomenon of off-site residential car parking provision: The situation at UK airports.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,54, 26-34. Kaur, R., Singh, B. (2013). Design and implementation of car parking system on fpga.arXiv preprint arXiv:1307.3051. Lee, J., Lee, H. (2014). Developing and validating a citizen-centric typology for smart city services.Government Information Quarterly,31, S93-S105. Ma, T., Mohammed, O. A. (2014). Optimal charging of plug-in electric vehicles for a car-park infrastructure.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,50(4), 2323-2330. Patil, M., Bhonge, V. N. (2013). Wireless sensor network and RFID for smart parking system.International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,3(4), 188-192. Rusmin, P. H., Osmond, A. B., Syaichu-Rohman, A. (2013, August). Design and implementation of driver drowsiness detection system on digitalized driver system. InSystem Engineering and Technology (ICSET), 2013 IEEE 3rd International Conference on(pp. 375-380). IEEE. Zheng, Y., Rajasegarar, S., Leckie, C. (2015, April). Parking availability prediction for sensor-enabled car parks in smart cities. InIntelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), 2015 IEEE Tenth International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE.

JD sports free essay sample

Describe the differences between primary and secondary market research. The difference between primary and secondary research mainly lies in the way in which the information is collected. Primary market research data is collected by observing the behaviour and opinions of consumers through questionnaires, experiments etc†¦ Secondary market research relies on data that has already been collected whether it is by internal or external sources such as government census, trade associations or transaction records. Primary research tends to be more valuable as it is designed with a specific company aim in mind. Secondary research whilst potentially more cost efficient isn’t as reliable as it may be available to competitors or out of date. Use an example from the case study to explain the purpose of market research. The purpose of market research is to gain an understanding and awareness of consumer trends, competitor activity, possible future planning and the need to identify changes within a given sector. We will write a custom essay sample on JD sports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One way that companies conduct this research is via an exit survey with consumers before they leave the premises. Usually covering a cross section of stores exit surveys provide the ideal opportunity to obtain valuable face to face information and views from the consumers spread across various locations and regions. This helps assist with demographic variants within current trends, gives an idea of travelling distances and may potentially help to identify new locations for company expansion. Whilst conducting exit surveys it is possible to identify the reason for the visit to the store and why the consumer did or didn’t make a purchase. The company can then take this information and use it to help identify any possible changes in trends helping to provide sound planning strategies and gain an understanding of current consumer needs reducing any risk or uncertainty in the future. When used in conjunction with other forms of market research exit surveys can help to validate and support additional information that has been gathered. Analyse why market research should be viewed as an on-going process. Market research should be viewed as an on-going process in order for the company to keep up to date with the following information and also to ensure that current demand and future financial risk are secure and informed. Helps to see where you are in the market compared to competitors. Potential to diversify range into other areas. Gives consumer insight into the company. Helps with acquisition and expansion. Ability to build customer profiles. Build on existing customer base. Stay up to date with current trends. Evaluate how market research, if undertaken properly, adds value to the decisions made by a large company. Why does it help to reduce risk? If market research is undertaken properly it can add value to the decisions made within a company as it gives up to date well informed feedback. It can cover all aspects of the industry helping to meet current demands and foreseeing potential future changes. It can also help assist with growth and expansion plans and give an idea of where the company stands in the market compared to competitors. As a company JD was founded in 1981, it has grown both organically and inorganically in this time. JD employs a very proactive approach to market research which is evident in its success during a turbulent time within its industry. When market research is conducted properly it allows the company to collate the information gathered and use tools such as an Ansoff matrix to help assess the level of risk the company is facing. Without properly undertaken market research a company would not be able to understand the most important factors relevant to moving forward and would simply be guessing when considering any future plans.

Chesapeake colony essays

Chesapeake colony essays Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the region had evolved into two distinct societies. The main factors that influenced the evolution of differences in New England and Chesapeake region were: political, economic and social influences. In the Chesapeake region the economy evolved through trades and agriculture; plantations and staple crops. Tobacco which became the main crop of the region increased rapidly its production, creating the need for labor. As a result of the tobacco plantations the headright system came about, which established that whoever paid the passage of an indentured servant received the right to acquire 50 acres of land and thereby, increasing the production of tobacco and other crops like rice, which became the main crop of the Carolinas. The plantations in this region were to vast causing the development of churches, schools, and cities limited and relatively few. Trades played a big role in the development of this region; in the Carolinas the settlers started to use slave trade, they used Savannah Indians to gather other Indians for their slave trade. However most of the Carolinas prosperity is due to their trade with the sugars island of the West Indies. In social terms, the tobacco plantat ion brought the young people without a family who rather work as indentured servants for ten years and hope to get the portion of land that was promised to them. These indentured servants were mostly young men whom desired to find and easy way to get rich or just make money clouded their minds; as the talked contract for land and yet not a written contract. Many proprietors didnt give them the portion of land that they were promised. As result of this, the free indentured servants moved to the backwoods of Virginia and thereby, invading Indian Territory and creating the clash that is now known as the Bacon Rebellion. Bacon being the leader of th...

Management communication - memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management communication - memo - Assignment Example It is an inter-level choice because of one heading and use of white space to stress points. It is also an extra-level choice because of using information displays of green blocks with information being stressed the bottom of the document. The document has used a framework of imaginary columns to merge graphic elements. The document can be improved utilizing headings to set points, using more than one font, as well as color moderation (Glushko & McGrath, 2008). Page Design 3: It is within the intra-level of design because of the use of different fonts and sizes, some in italics and others in bold. It is also an inter-level choice because of the different headings of different fonts and sizes. The document uses white space to accentuate points. It is also an extra-level choice because of using a colored picture at the centre of the document, and four other graphical pictures, which are black and white, evenly distributed within the document. The document is within the supra-level of document design because of the paper size change, grids that delineate the look of every section of the document. The document can be improved by utilizing one or two fonts, as well as using color highlights (Garcia, 2007). Page Design 4: It is within the intra-level of design because of the use of one type of font in bold. It is an inter-level choice because of the dissimilar headings of different sizes. The document utilizes white space to highlight points. It is also an extra-level choice because of using a colored picture placed at the bottom center of the document. It is also within the supra-level of document design because of the, color formats, grids that describe the look of every section of the document. The document can be improved by using two fonts or less and putting important elements in the top left and lower right quadrants of the page (Carliner et. al.,

Importance Of Agriculture Policy For European Union Essay

Importance Of Agriculture Policy For European Union - Essay Example European Union region possesses a large export market for agricultural goods. Its exports value for 2010 amounted to more than 90 billion Euros (European commission 2011). European Union has become the leading exporter of agri-products. Its agricultural exports superseded that of US in 2003. In 2003 the EU exports of agricultural products amounted to $66 billion and that of US amounted to $64billion (European commission 2007). European Union also imports agricultural products that worth many billion Euros. However its exports have been significantly higher than its import of agri-goods in the past decade. The balance of trade of EU in agricultural product has also been improved in the past decade. The following table shows the European Union Exports and Imports from 2000 to 2006. The balance of trade was negative in 2000 through 2004. It, however, improved in 2005 and amounted to $6 billion in 2006. EU exports of agricultural products amounted to $135 billion in 2010 (Wall street jou rnal 2011). European Union has Common agricultural policy (CAP). CAP came into existence in 1950’s after the destruction of World War II. CAP was formulated with the vision of avoiding any possible food shortage that EU countries might face due to the massive destruction in World War II. A budget was decided to support, invest and regulate agricultural market in EU region. Initially CAP claimed around 50% of European Union Budget (Visegrad 2010). CAP aims at such regulations and action plans that ensure the safe, healthy and competitive agri-products to be consumed inside the region and exported as well. Primarily, the CAP’s focus has been on the subsidies given to farmers to ensure high production but now due to several factors the CAP’s focus, in its new proposed policy, has been on the policies for agriculture that ensure a farming that meet the standards of environmental security as well as provide competitive products to the EU region and International comm unity. Common agricultural policy takes a very high bite of the EU budget. In 2009 its budget amounted to 55 billion EUR which is about 44% of the total budget of European Union (European commission 2010). This paper will discuss the agricultural policy of European Union, its inception and primary objectives at the time of its formulation. The paper will discuss the importance of agricultural policy of European Union by referring to the important agricultural policies and discussing therein the importance of such policies. Moreover the paper will also discuss the new proposed policies for agriculture and their importance in the changing world scenario for European Union specifically and International community at large. Initial CAP and its importance In its early years, CAP adopted a policy where it provided the subsidies and had a system where the farmers were assured of high prices for their commodities. It also provided a policy for substantial financial assistance to improve and restructure farms and to implement new technological developments in the agricultural production. The underlying objective of CAP at the time of its establishment was to take such measures so as to avoid a possible food shortage in the region, to increase productivity of agricultural sector, to stabilize markets and to ensure price competitiveness of products (Stead 2010). These policies played a very important role. These helped EU region to get out of the fear

Emas Installation At Mangalore Airport Engineering Essay

Emas Installation At Mangalore Airport Engineering Essay YP- Eurocontrol Support any engineering device which helps to mitigate risks associated with runway overrun (Page, 2010). Every proposal that is made to ICAO will be consulted with all member states, where each member state has a role to play in consultation and coordination of any changes with Annex 14. Moreover, aerodrome panel collects decides on any amendments. DH- The main difficulty involved in installing EMAS is not the actual cost of installation, in fact is the question of who funds the actual project?(Quan, 2010). This issue is dealt differently by FAA administer the funding of installations where approved effective through Airport Improvement Programme (AIP). AIP is a program which provides grant to airport operators including private operators to improve their airports safety and efficiency (FAA, 2010b). The money is raised through taxes on airplane ticket sold to public and taxes on aviation fuel. In contrary, many European airports have a privatised nature of ownership and since there is no government funding supporting EMAS. Consequently, it will be purely a commercial business decision for airport abuthorities whether to implement an EMAS or extend their RESA (Eurocontrol, 2010). YP FAA has a legal responsibility to implement safety standards in all US airports in terms of safety regulation as it is both regulator and navigation service provider and in some cases airport operator which enables it to cover whole air traffic management. FAA is not the aircraft operator but it regulates the aircraft operators. In contrary, many airports outside US find it extremely difficult to decide whether to invest in a several million dollars structure which might be never used or instead invest in runway quality improvements and also focusing on stabilise approaches which they seem to be more effective in preventing runway overrun in the first place (Eurocontrol). Currently EMAS installation within RESA is a fragmented scenario particularly in Europe once the entire eventualities are covered (CAA, 2010b). However various aviation authorities are supportive with the idea if aresstor beds as an effective and efficient mitigator (CAA, 2010b; Eurocontrol, 2010b). Moreover EMA S should be taken into consideration in light of other preventative methods. CAA Currently CAA is assisting ICAO with study focused on the touch-down lights particularly for the aerodromes with steep approaches as well as short runways. There will be a proposal to implement a set of lights as it is currently adopted by London City Airport aiming to assist operating crew to initiate a go-around in cases where pilots fail to land within the appropriate touch-down zone (CAA, 2010b). CAA (2010b) suggest that they are contributing to enhance safety margins through a different approach which is to identify risks and accordingly implement preventative measures than investing financially into a infrastructure. However a member of CAA aerodrome safety points out that civil aviation authorities in many European countries are gradually following the footsteps of FAA with regards to promoting safety equipments and procedures. They are starting to introduce themselves not only as a regulator with regards to runway safety which conducts regular aerodromes auditing yet the y are initiating to acknowledge and encourage any safety enhancement within aerodromes. It may be true that they do not have the budget like FAA to support safety projects yet they are offering consultations on variety of options available for each airport to consider which they might be unaware of such solutions, aiming to maximise margins of error. CAA CAA has always proposed and supported the 240m should be the ICAO standard. Meanwhile the idea of EMAS has been part of the recent debate as CAA are currently putting a paper together to propose it to ICAO in October 2010 which they hope it passed through panels and eventually to the Air Navigation Council (ANC) and by the time it reaches this point, it will be mature document with all different agreements from all parties, however the gestation period for these types of processes may take up to 5 years. This is crucial to focus and study the procedures followed by ICAO before making any improvements to annexes, as they operate on the basis of consensus and it generally takes a long times to collects agreements from most if not all member states. CAA According to a runway safety advisor at CAA, who worked with many airports has identied that the concept of capital expenditure in any aerodrome being large, medium or small was revolved around balancing acts between a varieties of competing needs. Moreover, in some airports where there are deficiencies in their RESA, it is still the responsibility of board not the CAA to make the decision which in most cases is the commercial business decision. Unfortunately, there is a deficiency within the current system that suggests at some airports due to lack of financial profitability of some safety projects, the proposed safety enhancement will be compromised with economical issues. YP In case of UK CAA enforcing 240m RESA as a requirement for all UK airports regardless of their size just like FAA might be significantly effective in maximising safety margins yet the social cost of such enforcement on society would be destructive, therefore, it is apparent that it is unlikely to happen due to its unfavourable nature. YP However this is the gap where IATAs adopted policy of implementing rules could lead on ICAO towards alternative level of compliance. Moreover it is possible that in near future IATA could be setting up an implementing rule which states with regards to annex 14 RESAs, the alternative means of compliance to the current requirement is an approved arrestor bed (CAA, 2010b). YP There is currently a debate whether aerodromes should declare mapping and charting RESA or EMAS in aeronautical notification publications. This has been raised on the basis of risk compensation where extending RESA is suggested to make pilots less cautious during landing once they know that they have extra space for landing. In contrast, IFALPA (2008) states extra RESA would be effective as it would provide extra braking capacity for operating crew as excursion accidents rate has not improved for the past 20 years (Eurocontrol, 2010). CAA- Proposals for the inclusion of information about arrestor system will be considered by ICAO in October (CAA, 2010). According to CAA there are currently some airports in UK that are considering to adopt an EMAS at their RESA. EMAS Kevin KQ KQ Currently Zodiac Aerospace is working with ICAO in order to get their support, recognition and approval of EMAS as an effective product and according to Quan (2010) there will be hopefully an amendment to annex 14 by December 2010, which would state that ICAO recognise and accept the product as an option for airport to meet their RESA requirements. Once the approval is made, other countries aviation authorities will be more serious about the product particularly after the ICAO requirements has been met. KQ Cost of an EMAS will depend on location and the design aircraft type for which the arrestor bed will be installed for, however, a project in US is less expensive than other countries due to the transportation cost such as shipping. According to Quan an EMAS project in US could be between 3-10 million US dollars. KQ Even though EMAS has been funded and approved by FAA but every US airport before installation must consider other alternatives such as use of declared distance which reassigns some part of runway as a RESA. This option would certainly introduce operational limitations and also shorter runway promotes lower utility from the airfield. However the FAA requirement is 300m RESA which is only recommendation by ICAO. As there are many airports in US which are limited to meet the FAA RESA requirement, which encourages them to adopt other alternatives such as putting as much EMAS bed as possible in their RSA to enhance their safety margins (Quan, 2010). According to ESCO (2010), the smallest EMAS bed installed in US is about 50m length and 30m width. KQ As FAA essentially encourages airports to endeavour and deploy highest practical limit of safety (Heald, 2010). According to Advisory Circle 5200.9 (FAA, 2005) every airport aiming to meet the requirement must do a 20 years life cycle values to establish the cost of installing an EMAS on each end of runway and furthermore the airport is then permitted to spend up to the calculated cost value from AIP budget to improve safety. KQ In case of Madrid, the EMAS was not deployed to meet the ICAO recommended practice, as the runway had already 240m of RESA beyond the runway strip. However Madrids airport authority decided to deploy EMAS on two parallel runways due to the operational concerns involved. They two sets of parallel runways, one set are used for landing and the other is used for takeoff. KQ Additionally, the landing runway has a safety area which intercepts to safety area of another runway, in essence, there were two safety areas occupying the same space. Their concern was in case of an overrun in landing runway and the aircraft ends up in the safety area that a portion of which intersects the departure runway safety area. Consequently both runways would be closed, therefore, they decided to deploy EMAS within the safety area to prevent the overrunning aircraft from entering the other RESA. KQ Based on study conducted by ESCO (2010), the EMAS bed is most appropriate at airports with geographical and physical limitations which constrain them to meet the ICAOs requirement. For instance, a 400ft of EMAS bed is as effective as 1000ft RESA in stopping B737 travelling pass the end of runway with speed of 70knot. Considering the reduction in foot print requirement is promotes EMAS as an ideal solution for many airports worldwide. KQ -EMAS bed is based on a modular system, therefore, during an overrun only the sections that are used to sink the tyres and stop the aircraft need to be repaired. According to Quan (2010) an estimate price for each block in US market is roughly around 1200 US dollars. Moreover according to FSF (2006), repair of the arrestor bed that brought the 747 at John F. Kennedy International Airport to rest in December 2005 cost about US$2 million dollars, as it stands to the most costly repair known to ESCO. The most recent EMAS arrestment was outlined by KQ, which was a Bombardier CRJ-200 operated by a regional Jet at Charleston, West Virginia. The aircraft entered an EMAS bed that comprised of 4200 blocks and it brought the aircraft to stop safely, saving over 34 people and only consumed 170 blocks where there is a steep 446ft beyond the EMAS bed (EMAS, 2010). In case of any overrun, the operator of the aircraft is liable for the repair of the airport property as the aircraft has ended up at a point which is technically not suppose to enter. Typically the insurer of the aircraft operator pays for repair of any damage to airport property. EMAS David DH DH EMAS beds implementation in both China and Spain were conducted according to FAAs policy. However, once ICAO recognise EMAS as suitable alternative to standard recommended RESA, ICAO position will not make any reference to FAA policies. DH In essence FAA considers an EMAS capable of decelerating range of aircrafts on a runway at 70 knots, based on the study conducted by FAA that found that 90 percent of aircraft depart the end of runway at 70knot or less. Furthermore, FAA approves such systems equivalent to 305m safety area in US. According to Zodiac Aerospace (2010) every EMAS installation was funded through AIP. However the final stage for any airport upon the acceptance of an EMAS as an effective substitute to RESA that aims to meet the ICAOs requirements is based on financial calculations. The most financial feasible option for airport usually will be chosen, whether it is to install an EMAS, shift or shorten the runway to meet the requirements (Heald, 2010). DH Additionally if there is a situation where there are physical constraints that are not practical to remove such as highways, railways and any topographical features that would cause the cost to be so high as to preclude that area, an EMAS becomes an appropriate choice. According to ESCO (2008), airports also tend to deploy EMAS where there have been environmental concerns associated with expansion of RESA such as physical cost of acquisition. DH As it was pointed out by DH, China was the first country to adopt EMAS outside US, using it to maximise its runway safety margins at high-altitude airport in Jiuzhaigou (FSF, 2006). DH One of the most critical advantages of EMAS over normal RESA is that its predictable static properties as oppose to RESA which could be influenced significantly by adverse weather conditions. EMAS has been designed not to be impacted by meteorological conditions. Furthermore, the performance of an overrunning aircraft on a grassy RESA with length of 240m is unpredictable, as the grass could be wet, muddy or frozen. As the results, even a recommended RESA at poor weather condition might fail to accommodate an overrunning aircraft in case of which the properties of grounds surface have been compromised such that it will not support the weight of the aircraft. DH On May 25, 2008, a Kalitta Air B747-200 overran runway 20 of the Brussels Airport, Belgium after a Rejected Take-Off. According to the final accident report by Air Accident Investigation Unit (AAIU), the aircraft came to halt 300m after the threshold where pilot escape slide was going down to railway bed. There were no fatalities however the aircraft was completely destroyed and broken down in three parts. Although runway 20 meets the ICAO minimum requirements but it does not conform to the ICAO recommendation as the extension of RESA is extremely costly. There will be a serious cost issue since runway 20 is geographically constraint due to the presence of the railway tracks on one end and existence of motorway from the other end. DH Moreover, AAIU have recommended Brussels Airport Authorities to consider installing EMAS to maximise the braking effect. Computational analysis conducted by AAIU proves that in case of EMAS in placed within the RESA, the aircraft would have came to halt within the designated RESA and the level of severity to the B747-200 would have been significantly minimised (AAIU, 2009). DH EMAS is a new technology and even in US, it was not until 2005 after FAA released Advisory Circle 5200.9 which finally established a policy on its application. According to Zodiac Aerospace, ICAO has started studying EMAS since early 2008 and moreover ICAO revises its annex every 7 years. DH From the primary research conducted it is found that EMAS manufacturer will work voluntarily free of charge with any airport worldwide to help them develop a preliminary propose solution as well as estimating preliminary cost of installing EMAS at ends of their runways (Zodiac Aerospace, 2010). For instance it has already been done for 5 airports in India and 6 airports in Thailand free of charge. DH EMAS manufacturer states that it was not until 2006 that they felt their product is appropriate and ready for international market, as they are producing third generation of EMAS. The previous generations required high level of maintenance such that for the cases of airports in US which have deployed EMAS before 2006 require to resurface their EMAS bed every 3 to 5 years which could cost them between US $100,000 to US $300,000 (ESCO, 2010b) which is a significant drawback to ownership. Furthermore, EMAS manufacturer were not keen to enter international market prior to the introduction of the most recent generation EMASMAX where it does not have a maintenance intensive nature. EMASMAX bed eliminates large cost of ownership which encouraged Zodiac Aerospace to promote its product more confidently to international market. DH Today many airport mangers are reluctant to deploy EMAS within their RESA even though there are significant amount of evidence that supports the effectiveness of such proposal. Currently there are no acknowledgements made by ICAO to support airports which are suffering from lack of inadequate safety margins at their RESA to consider EMAS as an approved and efficient substitute. DH EMAS recommends airports with runways having inadequate RESA to benefit from EMAS as an alternative technology. In some countries transportation safety department recognise the effectiveness of such device, however regulator still remains to be reluctant and fails to acknowledge and respond to such proposal. DH In April 2008, Austrailian Civil Aviation Safety Administration (CASA) part 139 aerodrome standards were revised to permit an alternative Engineering solution to be deployed within RESA (CASA, 2009). They used engineering solution rather than EMAS since it would have appeared to be recommending a manufacturer rather than a safety concept. However, EMAS organisation is the only company approved by FAA to install EMAS beds. DH CASA has completed the project of ensuring all of it air carrier runways to meet ICAO requirements except runway 25 at Sydney Kingsford Smith International Airport (FSF, 2008). Although RESAs have been adopted for the other five runways fairly simply however runway 25 had been challenged by physical constrains to extend its RESA in order to meet ICAO requirement. Runway 25 abutted a major highway, airport perimeter road and a river which introduced heavy cost issues as the airport authorities decided to build a RESA above the obstructions. According to project manager Mr. Plummer (2010) the final cost of building the sixth and final RESA at Sydney airport was around $AU100 million which contradicts with published information on Sydney airport website that states Sydney Airports $AU100 million runway safety project is completed on the 1st of April 2010 which cover the cost of extension of all six runways. DH In addition, while the construction was being carried out, Airport authority opted to establish temporary RESA for runway 25 by reducing the take-off and landing distance on the 2529m runway by 97 meters (FSF, 2008). The criticisms still remain against Sydney airport authority as they failed to acknowledge the revised aerodrome standard made by CASA which effectively permitted airports to deploy an engineering solution to enhance their RESA safety margins. Having spent over $AU25 million just on the final sixth they still have not reaches ICAOs standard recommended practices, moreover, they could have install EMAS for another $AU6 million (EMAS, 2010). DH Having established that, from ICAOs point of view Sydney airport currently meets the standards, however, there is a little motivation for airport such as Sydney to endeavour to reach the ICAO recommended practice particularly if the airport is owned and operated by a profit driven organisation. Moreover, in case of an overrun accident Sydney airport authority will not be in a position to defend themselves if they will asked on what basis they did not try to meet the recommended practice as they failed to deploy engineering solutions according to part-139 to mitigate risks and promote higher level of safety. Certainly it is beyond financial feasibility considerations as they could have invested a few more million dollars in installing EMAS which would driven their RESA safety standard more towards recommended practice than minimum requirement. The Australian Airports Association reported to the Air Transportation Safety Board that the Association does not believe a safety case for extending RESAs beyond 90 m in length can be mounted or sustained (ATSB, 2009). DH Currently, ICAO is looking into permitting arresting systems to be installed within runway RESA. In addition, ICAO is focusing to revise runway strip specifications, as of now, only objects allowed in runway strip are navigation aids provided that they are not hazards to operating aircraft. However, once the specifications are revised the outcome might allow navigational aids as well as aircraft safety systems in the runway strip. This revision will permit EMAS to be installed 11 meter from the runway end (EMAS, 2010). As DH suggests, The safety of the flying public and the credibility of our industry depends on making the right choices, and on implementing new technologies. We must choose wisely and we must always choose safety. SMS According to Morier (2005), the traditional approach to safety management was particularly concentrated on following certain required standards and react after the accidents has taken place which blinded the authorities to look beyond the regulation. They failed to concentrate on how safety margin could be enhanced which is strongly adopted by SMS (Kikland, 2001). As SMS is adopted the mentality and the safety culture existed within the implemented aviation organisation has been significantly improved where management by oversight has been replaced by management insight (Leveson, 2004). In line with this, Kirkland (2001b) states that UK CAA has altered its safety regulation policy from enforcing rules into auditing and mitigating. Currently there are many aerodrome licensees around the world that fail adopt a SMS to minimise risks to reduce the likelihood of an overrun. A crucial driver in order to implement SMS in an aviation organisation is the general willing of the managers to improve the safety standards considering operational and economical efficiencies in case of adopting SMS (ICAO, 2006). SMS has a proactive nature which tends to solve and rectify shortfalls prior to an accident. SMS is effectively based on the accidents and incidents reports as well as other daily reports which encounter any unsafe area which could cause vulnerability to the system. once the area with certain level of risk is identified, specific mitigating measures can be adopted according to the level of severity of the risk. Consequently, SMS enables an airport to evaluate its safety standards as it is more transparent and clear to measure (ICAO, 2006). As SMS is a continuous cycle, it continues to be updated and improved once it is implemented within an organisation, therefore it gradually become a uniform process which starts with risk identification, followed by risk evaluation, implementing mitigation measures and finally monitoring their effectiveness in managing the identified risks (Mitchell, 2010). According to ICAO, SMS adopted by an airport is defined as; A system for the management of safety at aerodromes including the organisational structure, responsibilities, processes and provisions for the implementation of aerodrome safety policies by an aerodrome operator, which provides for the control of safety at, and the safe use of, the aerodrome (ICAO 2002b). SMS ha s various advantages to the tradition approach. SMS is based on collecting and analysing relevant factors to monitor and manage risks. This method as it is based on quantitative as well qualitative evidences, avoid the previous influential human judgement. Another advantage of using SMS is it allows the organisation not only to identify yet to prioritise various challenges according to their level of severity (DOT, 2006). Once the SMS is adopted, the airport automatically becomes more practical in monitoring risks and implementing robust procedures to manage safety (CAA, 2003). Unfortunately, there are still cost issues which prevent an SMS to be adopted by many aviation organisations, particularly in third world countries. This is why the later stage of this report will focus on a cost analysis of installing an engineering device within RESA of Mangalore Airport in India, in order to enhance the survivability of the passengers in a case of an overrun. Summaryof just SMS Excursion accidents are not just about an adequate RESA or EMAS, in fact they are involved precision approaches, the ability to stabilise the approach for the pilot and landing on the touchdown zone at the right end of the runway. Moreover, ability to take the most appropriate exit for pilot while having the freedom to taxi to terminal without undue pressure of having taken an exit. Overall, EMAS is a mitigator not a preventer (Eurocontrol, 2010). It must not be forgotten to invest on the ways which the overrun accident could have been prevented from happening. The very first step must be focused on tracking and identifying contributing factors and how effectively it can be managed to enhance safety margins. However, this thesis focuses on improving safety margins while minimising the severity level of damages post-overrun accident. . EMAS Financial Feasibility This part focuses to answer the final objective of this thesis which is to evaluate the financial feasibility of installing EMAS. To study this, a case study is proposed which is based on the most recent fatal overrun accident that occurred in India, Mangalore Airport, which killed 158 people onboard, on the 22nd of May 2010. Air India Express was operating B737-800 which overran the 2450m (8,033ft) runway number 06/24 (Hindustan Times, 2010). Financial calculation for installing EMAS will be structured according to FAA Order 5200.9 (FAA, 2005) however there are some assumptions and estimations in the calculation due to limited data received from Mangalore Airport. Mangalores overrun The accident report is yet to be completed by Indias accident investigation unit, however according to Hepher (2010a), the aircraft landed long and over shot the runway and consequently ended up in a steep ravine at the end of the runway. As the aircraft was overrunning the end of the runway, it damaged the Instrument Landing System (ILS) localiser antenna which is an instrument to provide precision guidance to operating crew of an aircraft which is approaching and landing on a runway. Only the damaged caused to the ILS significant delays or cancelled number of flight which took Mangalores airport authority more than a month to return to their normal/scheduled operation. The Boeing 737-800 is counted and known as one of the most reliable and competitive aircraft in the current market which is operated by many airline all over the world. It current price in the market is between 66-75 million dollars (Hepher, 2010b). According to Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) (2010) Mangalore crash is the worst accident involving 737-800 so far. In addition according to Ranganathan (2010), The Air India Express crash was waiting to happen. The current level of safety standards adopted in Indian civil aviation authority are significantly below the SARPs required by ICAO, particularly regarding the Aerodrome design. Even though there have some changes and amendments made in the regulation in order to rectify some of the issues but systematic rot is so deep (Gupta, 2010). Recent countrys robust growth promoted rapid growth and need for air travel. Indias international market for air travel has tripled between 2000 and 2008 (IATA, 2009) but its infrastructural safety margin are stretched beyond the recommended safe level by ICAO. Even though the runway 06/24 met the required RESA by ICAO and adequate runway length was provided for B737-800 to land but its adopted safety margins for its RESA did not allow any room for error in case of an overrun or veer-off. As previously mentioned, runway excursions make quarter of air transport accidents and incident (IFALPA, 2008) and yet there is still no unified standard for RESA and installation of safety areas where they are potentially needed to minimise the possibility of runway overruns. According to an anonymous Indian official involved in aviation, A disaster was waiting to happen and we have been very lucky to have had no major accidents in the past 10 years,. This is in line with Indias director of general civil aviation Mr. Gohain statement in April 2008 which reportedly said that India had just three inspectors for 10 commercial airlines and 600 planes. (worldaviationjournal, 2010). According to ICAOs safety audit, India was listed as the worst country in terms of technical personnel qualification and training(ICAO, 2006). The crash at Mangalore airport occur just about four after a similar fatal accident was prevented. The aircraft came to halt within designated safety area at Charleston Airport, (West Virginia), where the airport authority installed EMAS to enhance the level of survivability of their RESAs. Only after such disastrous event, Indian civil aviation authority decides to extend the runway 06/24 from 2450m to 2743m where as the result its RESA will extend too (Aviation Week, 2010). However, if there was an EMAS installed prior to the accident not only so many lives would have been saved but many unfavourable costs to airlines and airport would have avoided. Therefore next section will focus on cost analysis of installing an EMAS at Mangalore airport. EMAS is one of the alternative ways which airport authorities could have adopted in order maximise the safety margins. Consequently, the level of severity of the crash could have been significantly reduced if not completely avoided. DP -Believ es that if AAI had followed and adopted specific safety measures by studying the accident predictive model which was developed by Wong (2007), they could have saved so many lived but they ignored such safety implementations. DP- The cost of an overrun accident can be more many time more than the cost of mitigating the risks but unfortunately, cost minimisation has been considered more important than safety maximisation where airports decided to choose an option which offer lower margin error but it costs less. DP-Pitfield (2010) states in case where there is no adequate RESA is in place, airport authority should also consider closing the runway since there is no margin of an error unless the runway is long enough to extend the RESA without introducing operational limitations to the airport. DP- Even though the Pilots operated many time to that particular airport, Pitfield states that they are not the main people to be blamed. The most destructive factor is the some shortfalls of present airport safety area regulations which are not uniformly monitored around the world. However the existing shortfalls in the present RESA regulation are gradually improved by introduction of Safety Management System (SMS) (Pitfield, 2010). However he still believes that there would be still institutional infrastructural constraints on implementing RESA from an aerodrome perspective. EMAS Installation Cost at Mangalore Airport The financial feasibility is considered vital, since it is one the most effective alternative options for airports particularly facing geographical limitations, consequently they are constraints by terrains or obstacles to extend their RESA. There are number of ways to calculate EMAS installation cost, however the most recommended way is followed by a guideline produced by FAA Order 5200.9 and EMAS manufacturer (Zodiac Aerospace). Airport Authority of India (AAI) agreed to provide the author up-to-date information regarding runway 06/24 to estimate the cost of installing an EMAS at both ends of the runway. In order to calculate the cost certain factors specific to the airport must be considered; EMAS must be capable of safely bringing a DESIGN/CRITICAL aircraft (which is in most cases the most frequent and heaviest aircraft that uses the runway) overrunning the threshold (end of runway) with a speed of 70 knots. The accident investigation unit has not yet reported the speed which B737-800 overran the end of runway at Mangalore airp

Death of Mrs. Mallard

Causes of Mrs. Mallards Death After reading Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, readers are left in wonder as to what ultimately resulted in the death of Mrs. Louise Mallard. While the very end suggests heart disease as the culprit, further analyzation of the story points towards a few other, deeper and slightly more complex causes. The first thing we learn about Mrs. Mallard is that she has heart trouble. This heart trouble turns is both mental and physical and is both within her body and the relationship with her husband, Brently Mallard. Her heart trouble is what makes the announcement of Brently’s death so threatening to her.Someone that has a weak heart would not be able to deal very well with such news. Therefore, the fact that Mrs. Mallard has heart problems proves to be a significant cause of her death. Another contributing factor in Mrs. Mallard’s death may have been the reporting of her husband’s death. Mrs. Mallard’s sister, Josephine, announces that Brently was killed in a train accident. Mrs. Mallard’s reaction is not the same as a normal woman’s would be â€Å"with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance†. Instead, she weeps immediately, afterwards retiring to her own room. The news of Brently’s death reveals to Mrs.Mallard her freedom from the oppression she probably experienced while married to Brently. The good intentions of Josephine might be another cause of Mrs. Mallard’s death. Josephine is the person who informs Louise of the bad news. Josephine tells Louise in broken sentences. Later, after Louise retires to her room, it is Josephine who is trying to check up on her, interrupting Louise’s realization and enjoyment of her newly found freedom. Together, they go downstairs, to Brently’s unexpected return and Louise’s death. The fact that Mrs. Mallard has heart trouble has an effect on the way that others have to treat her.Josephi ne’s awareness of her sister’s condition may have caused her to try and be as gentle as possible when informing Mrs. Mallard, but still contributed to breaking her unintentionally anyways. The emotional rollercoaster that Mrs. Mallard is thrown on is probably one of the bigger factors in her death. The news of her husband’s death is the first big drop on the ride. It is a huge shock to Mrs. Mallard. She grieves, but then retires to her room alone where she goes into deep thought. This is where she discovers that she is a free body and soul from marriage and her husband. Her newly found independence is forbidden to her initially.She tries hard to fight joy that came with her realization because she feels guilty. Then, she begins to embrace it. She is elated and exits her room with a new perspective on the matter. She comes downstairs to the return of her very not dead husband and is again shocked and faced with another huge drop. These high ups and low downs are emotionally tiring to Mrs. Mallard. They are not any help to the fact that she has a weak heart. The biggest cause of Mrs. Mallard’s death is when Brently returns. She has already come to terms with Brently’s death and is looking positively towards her new future as a free woman.She finds joy in this and Brently’s return rips her freedom away from her, resulting in her death from not joy itself, but rather the loss of joy from losing the freedom she was so fond of. There were many causes that went into Mrs. Louise Mallard’s death. Her heart condition, the news of her husband, Brently Mallard’s, death, her sister’s good intentions, the emotional rollercoaster, and her sudden loss of freedom all add up against Mrs. Mallard. In the end, Mrs. Mallard wasn’t strong enough to handle all of these ups and downs.