Pitt Street in Sydney and Bourke Street Mall in Melbourne Essay

Apart from Zara, Inditex also owns international labels Pull & Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarious, Oysho, Zara Home and Uterqà ¼e. The formula for Zara is simple: latest catwalk trends reproduced, plus new stocks delivered to stores in fewer than 15 days, plus giggle-inducing prices, equates to global success. â€Å"Our decision to come to Australia now is based on two main reasons. Firstly, our operations are at that capability level of supplying to a country like Australia, which is quite far away from our headquarters in Spain. With new stocks needing to be sent every two weeks, we had to be absolutely sure we could handle this new amount of orders. â€Å"Secondly, we were waiting for the right locations to become available, and now we [have] found two excellent spots in Sydney and Melbourne and were happy to launch into Australia.† Fleur Madden-Topley, managing director of PR agencies Red and Blue by Red, feels that Australian consumers have also created the demand for the brand’s entrance onto our shores Touted as one of the world’s most successful logistics operations by the Harvard Business Review, the production line is executed like clockwork, where lorries move in and out on schedule to ensure each store gets its fortnightly update of stocks right on time. Echevarria oversees all international marketing activities and media relationships, engaging assistance from a local public relations firm only during momentous occasions like new store openings. Zara’s closest competitors, such as Swedish label H&M, the UK’s Top Shop and the US’s Gap, spend typically three to five percent of annual revenues on advertising campaigns, and have a penchant for involving celebrities, either in their advertising or their product lines. Top Shop has its sought after Kate Moss collection, while H&M has limited pieces designed by the likes of Madonna and Kylie Minogue. Gap is well-known for attracting star names, such as Lucy Liu, Jennifer Aniston and John Mayer, to appear in its advertisements. Our store locations and window fronts are our biggest form of advertising Zara tailors its products to each city â€Å"Zara has effectively utilised word of mouth, or strategic public relations, in building and maintaining its brand. So while rivals outsource to Asia, Zara makes its most fashionable items — half of all its merchandise — at a dozen company-owned factories in Spain. Clothes with a longer shelf life, such as basic T-shirts, are outsourced to low-cost suppliers, mainly in Asia and Turkey. Zara’s nerve center is an 11,000-square-foot hall at its headquarters in Arteixo, a town of 25,000 in Galicia. That’s where hundreds of twentysomething designers, buyers, and production planners work in tightly synchronized teams. It is there that the company does all of its design and distribution and half of its production. The concentrated activity enables it to move a dress, blouse, or coat from drawing board to shop floor in just two weeks — less than a quarter of the industry average. Inditex says it works with unions and other organizations â€Å"to have the most respectful supply chain† and audits all of its partners every year, but like most major fashion companies that outsource the manufacturing of their clothes, it has received its share of complaints about factory conditions

Als: Doctor and Auntie Pele

Why chose AL S: Have you ever heard of a disease that can't be figure out? When the doctors don't know how people would get it? Do we really know how to cure it? So many questions we have about things, but we can't figure it out†¦ It was a sad day for my whole family last year and it's because someone REALLY REALLY important to our family has passed away. It all start about when my auntie Peel was 30 and she owned her own business in American Samoa, Then one day she felt a weird tingle feeling in her hands, so she went to the doctor to check it out†¦Later that day the doctor told her it was nothing. So the next day she was working like usual and she noticed that she couldn't move her right arm, so she Went to the doctor to check it Out, and like the doctor said before, â€Å"it was nothing' then told her not to worry about the whole thing. The following weeks, her arm didn't improve and she became more worried. She visited the hospital again, she told them her arm had not improved.They ran a bunch of test, through some blood, and even did a cat scan on her brain. They told her later that they still couldn't find anything wrong. So she BEGGED them to transfer her to a hospital in Hawaii that could help her, in a ewe months, she traveled to Kaiser Hospital in Hawaii. Where she underwent more test. It lasted a few weeks, and the news they gave her wasn't good at all. They told her that the test they ran found out that she had ALAS or Lou Geris disease and it's also known as.This name was given to the disease after a famous baseball player of the same name. They only gave her only 7 years to live. These doctors didn't know my Auntie Peel – she was strong willed, stubborn, and full of life. My auntie actually lived for 28 MORE YEARS, and for 10 years she was bed redden.

The Acquisition of Snapple by Quaker Oats

In an effort to raise the company’s growth rate and avoid a takeover. Quaker Oats, acquired Snapple beverage corporation for $1,7 billion,a price considered by many to be valued a billion too much. Snapple captured a significant loyal following by being an innovator in the ready-to-drink tea. The RTD tea segment of the beverage market was a quick developing area with promising returns ,that’s why it attracted giants like coca cola and Pepsico, who entered the market through joint ventures with popular tea brands.Quaker Oats has known success in the past in the beverage market with the widely popular Gatorade drink and thought it could do the same with Snapple. So in order to repeat the Gatorade success story Quaker officially acquired Snapple on December 6 of 1994. The c. e. o of quaker ,William Smithburg overcome with hubris resulting from his previous success overpaid for the company an estimate of a billion dollar premium despite warnings from Wall Street. By the tim e Quacker aquired Snapple the RTD tea industry was maturing and the competition was rising because of the new independent brands that entered the market.Quacker believed that with its financial resources and experience, it could expand the Snapple brand and through the acquisition establish itself as a leading beverage producer competing with the likes of coca cola and pepsico. Quaker acquired the company by divesting profitable but slow growing pet food and candy businesses. Quaker thought it could create a Snapple/Gatorade combination and planned to exploit the synergies resulting from such combination while improving the efficiency of operations.They wanted to achieve economies of scale by unifying the manufacturing and distribution of Snapple and Gatorade. What quacker failed to realize is what realy made the success of Snapple. The company ,didn’t operate like most beverage producers. Instead of having a company owned plant that handled the manufacturing,Snapple awarded co-pack contracts to independent manufactures and handled the distribution using independent distributors who were allowed to carry different brands of beverages, but had direct access to the stores, restaurants and vending machines in their region.Due to distribution,structure problems and unrealistic optimism about the future of Snapple, quacker had a hard time integrating its new division and had yet to beneficiate from the synergies and economies of scale projected. During the first year as a part of quacker oats ,the Snapple division did not break even and lost an estimated $75 million in1995 sparking the resignation of the president and c. o. o who was in charge of the Snapple unit.The loss in revenue was mainly driven by weaker-than-expected sales and an estimated $40 million dollars to buy back the contracts from the co-packers and other suppliers. During 1996, Snapple slipped to the second place in the ice tea market and despite positive projections by quacker. The unit fai led to achieve any sales gain and sow it sales decline by 20%, resulting in operating losses exceeding the $120 million for that year. By 1997 snapple’s market share slipped to the 3rd place behind lipton and nestea.The company was behind even in production methods and processes. On March 28, 1997 Quacker decided to take a $1. 4 billion write-off and sold the company it purchased 29 months before for $300 million. All this led to a loss in performance for Quacker oatas a company resulting in a takeover by Pepsico in December 2000 in a $13. 7 billion all stock bid. The mismatch of big corporate culture with the one of small entrepreneurial firms didn’t work and what quacker was trying to avoid by purchasing Snapple happened .

Legal Risk and Opportunity in Employmnet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal Risk and Opportunity in Employmnet - Essay Example When employees work at the discretion of their employers, it can be said to be ‘employment at will’ (Jennings, 2005, p. 727). An employment at will means that either employer or employee can terminate the agency relationship at anytime with or without apparent reason that employer can act in discriminatory manner. According to Jennings (2005), an employee who is appointed by an oral or written agreement is considered to be an agent and he has express authority to act on behalf of the employer. â€Å"In an agency relationship, one party agrees to act on behalf of another party according to the directions given to him. It is a relationship that exists by common consent in which both parties agree to it and it is a relationship that is fiduciary in nature† (Chapter-18, p.701). Pat has been provided a Personnel Manual that mentioned the process for dealing with unsatisfactory employee and hence he believed that his employer’s freedom to fire him at will was limited. If an employee has exercised a right which was supported by public policy and the employer reacted against it, then a wrongful discharge suit can be claimed. In the legal encounter one, Pat has insisted that sports funds should be equally allocated, but, his position on this issue was unpopular. He was unidentified by anyone in the school board. Pat believed that it created unfriendliness and resulted to his discharge from NewCorp. Employee must be informed of the deficiency and placed on a Corrective Action Plan if his performance is unsatisfactory. Jennings (2005) emphasizes that â€Å"one of the factors that determine whether a personnel manual and its terms constitute a contract is the reliance of an employee on its procedures and terms† (chapter 18, p. 727). Legal Encounter two creates a dilemma for NewCorp between electrical manufacturing supervisor Sam and his employee Paula. It is a case of

The Production Choices to Achieve Trend Growth Assignment

The Production Choices to Achieve Trend Growth - Assignment Example The production possibility represents alternative combinations of different commodities which can be produced by the economy with the total available resources. In other words, the production possibility curve is the locus of all those points that represent different product combinations that an economy can attain by employing its total available resources to the fullest. For simplicity, let us assume that only two commodities (x and y) are being produced using the total available resources in an economy. In the following diagram, we plot units of x on the horizontal axis and units of y on the vertical axis. The curve AF represents the production possibility curve of the economy. If all the resources are devoted to the production of x then the country can get OF amount of x and no amount of y. On the other hand, if the total resources are devoted to producing y then the country can OF amount of y and no amount of x. since the resources are assumed to be fixed in quantity and since th ey are assumed to be fully employed with utmost efficiency, if though production of one commodity is increasing then that of the other will definitely decrease. For this reason, this curve is assumed to be downward sloping.   The coordinates of any point of AF curve shows the different product mix that is available to the economy to produce with the given amount of resources. Sot he country can produce at any point of the curve and achieve trend growth. If the supply of resources increase or a technological improvement takes place then the production possibility curve or production possibility frontier (PPF) will shift to the right from AF to A’F’. Any point on the curve (e.g. Point's’) implies full and efficient employment of the resources, that is, the maximum amount of output that an economy can produce in the most effective manner using the given amount of resources. Any point inside the curve (e.g. Point ‘g’) implies that production in the economy is taking place without using all the resources to the optimum level.     Ã‚  

How the images of refugees framed in the media will influence people's Literature review

How the images of refugees framed in the media will influence people's sympathy and per ception on refugees - Literature review Example This essay aims to conduct a study, which explore the relationship between how a person feels refugees and the images of refugees framed in the mass media. In order to examine the research question: what is the influence of images of refugees framed in the mass media images on people’s perception, the essay would expect to organize a group experiment. According to FADIMAN, (2012, p. 54), the human nature dictates that humanity is an intrinsic feature that every human being has. This intrinsic feature is dependent in certain humanitarian standards and in feelings that must be accumulated within the body of a human being. For instance, pain is one of the intrinsic characteristics that depict a human being. Humanity is fearful to pain and suffering. Refugees are people considered to be facing intermediate imbalance in their capability to access the humanitarian requirements and standards for living. This is why in most cases, their mention signifies suffering, death, lack of everything that helps keep life, and total failure in knowledge and understanding of a certain body that resulted in them. Refugee camps are characterized with human suffering captions. People face little chance of survival, yet in most cases, they survive with intriguing human feelings. The media is a channel through which several human intentions are perceived and delivered. For instance, it would take an easy stature for media personnel to convince a group of people offer the sufferings found in the refugee camps. With the intrinsic human nature founded in people, it becomes an easy and even unthinkable task to offer help to people facing such refugee challenges (HOUTMAN- DE SMEDT 2005, p. 56). Challenges are common in every society. Nonetheless, the ones faced by refugees appear to touch the innate feelings of many people in the world. The mass media images exploit on the fact that challenges and sufferings being faced by

Refer to Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refer to Article - Essay Example For instance, the government established a burn aims on advertising cigarettes on television, radios, news papers and other social media. In addition, the United States government established a Policy on Family smoking prevention and tobacco control act that aimed to control the habit of cigarette smoking (US Department of Health and Human Services,paras2-10). Additionally, community health advocacy campaigns’ against smoking and substance abuse was established the through the ministry of health to address the problem of cigarette smoking. The campaigns have been extended not only in schools and institutions of higher learning but also at homes. The campaigns aimed to sensitize the public on the negative impacts of cigarette smoking and substance abuse (Wolfson p.217). . It was reported that the burn helped to reduce cases of cigarette smoking from 40% in 1970 to 19% in the year 2004 (Ferrence, Boisclair and Bader paras6-7). Therefore, this study aims to investigate impacts of smoking, advantages and disadvantages of ant-cigarette smoking campaigns, suggested solutions to address smoking problem as well as summary based on research findings. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cigarette Smoking Campaigns In the United States Anti-cigarette smoking campaigns have helped to reduce the number of deaths attributed to smoking complications such as lungs and throat cancer. Additionally, anti-cigarette smoking campaigns have proved to be cost effective in the long run (F?rat, Begu?m and Aylin p. 142). This is because despite having incurred huge expenditures to carry out anti-cigarette smoking campaigns, the government and health professional have been able to reduce the number of people diagnosed with cancers and smoking related ailments. Connectively, productivity has increased because of having a healthy society where people can work without spending time and resource in taking care of ailed members of the society (F?rat, Begu?m and Aylin pp.142-143). On the con trary, anti-cigarette smoking campaigns have numerous disadvantages especially among cigarette manufacturing companies like Reynolds Tobacco. For example, anti-cigarette campaigns have led to a decrease in companies’ sales volume and profitability. This is because the campaigns utilize deglamolization strategy which aims at making attractiveness of cigarettes among consumers to decline (Glen, Peter and Annette p114). For example; the use of great labels indicating severe consequences of cigarettes brands tends to discourage consumers from taking cigarettes. In above connection, anti-smoking campaigns have caused smoke addicts to be taken as social misfits (Steve, para2). Reaction Summary/personal opinion According to the Centre foe diseases and control, Paras1-3, cigarette smoking campaigns has been reported to increase not only smoking related ailments but also has led to an increase in number of annual deaths in the country. For instance it was reported that cigarette smoki ng had led to an increase in number of adults deaths by a figure of 443,000 every year (Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, para1). Additionally, cigarette smoking was reported to increase the annual medical expenses by ninety six billion dollars. Connectively, the United States government computed a loss of approximate ninety seven billions dollars in productivity due to increase in cases of people diagnos

FINAL EAM HIS. 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FINAL EAM HIS. 101 - Essay Example Because of this, cities and factories were developed. The factories were responsible for the processing of the agricultural products. Growth of factories facilitated the development of commercial centers. It is also during this period that the phenomenon of enlightment was experienced. A number of scholars started emerging during this period. These scholars contributed to the development of research (McKay, 123). It was also during this period that the phenomenon of renaissance was experienced. Renaissance or re-birth contributed significantly towards the growth of commercial centers because it enabled the Europeans to widen their scope of thinking (McKay, 127). The development of the learning institutions such as universities also had a role to play as far as growth of commercial centers is concerned. Through universities, innovation and inventions rose drastically. This facilitated the growth of commercial centers. Increase in population is another factor that contributed to the growth of commercial centers. It is clear that Europe population stated rising significantly during this period. This was due to improved medical care. The rise in population demands of commodities and hence leads to the development of commercial businesses. Technological advancement is another factor that facilitates the growth of commercial centers. This is because the advent of technology facilitated the development of industries which in turn promoted the development of other commercial centers such as banks. In order to achieve this there was a great need of business expansion which in turn led to the rise of commercial centers (Coffin et. al, 259) The rise of these commercial centers in Europe brought several benefits to the population. The first benefit of development of commercial centers is that it leads to improvement of the living standards. This is because the people could get money through selling services or goods the rise of commercial

Analysis of the the Canadian International Development Agency Research Paper

Analysis of the the Canadian International Development Agency - Research Paper Example The International Cooperation Ministry of the Federal government, which is currently headquartered in Gatineau, Quebec, oversees the activities of CIDA. Its major objectives are social development including child protection and basic education, economic health of developing countries, sustainability of the environment, and striving for good governance, democracy, and respect of human rights by governments in developing countries. The Agency concentrates most of its bilateral aid in a select group of countries including Haiti and Indonesia. However, this concentration is not inclusive of programs offered by such multilateral bodies like UNDP and UNICEF. It does not also include assistance in fast intervention measures for natural disasters, conflict, and crisis, which are offered all over the world by the Agency’s strong hand of help (Bruneau, 2008). CIDA has made real progress in obtaining results in the arena of international development via collaboration with international, Canadian, and local partners. These results are inclusive of a drop in poverty levels from 1.3 billion in 1990 to 980 million in 2004 (Bruneau, 2008). Other accomplishments are the enrollment of more children in developing countries to primary schools, decline in child mortality, and achievement of Millennium Development Goal by developing countries like Ghana. 2. Organizational Design According to the information systems at the agency, CIDA has 2336 positions, which are, classified (Irwin, 2008). The branch in Africa is the biggest of all the branches with three hundred and eighty five positions in total. It is followed by the Asian branch, which has two hundred and twenty eight positions. After which the branch in the Americas follows with its one hundred and ninety three positions, and finally the branches in the Maghreb, Middle East, and Europe with its one hundred and fifty two positions. The policy branch, which consists of two hundred and thirteen positions, is the Agencyâ₠¬â„¢s largest corporate branch. Two hundred and three positions strong branch then follows it for Canadian Partnership, and then the branch for multilateral programs, which is one hundred and nineteen strong and finally the thirty-eight strong Canada corps. With regard to the branches dealing with a corporate service, the branch of HR and corporate services is the most staffed with three hundred and thirty nine positions. It is then followed in a distant second by the information technology and management branch with one hundred and ninety six positions, then by the branch dealing with communication with one hundred and forty four positions and finally by the Knowledge management and performance branch with its forty one positions. The remainders of the positions, which come up to eighty-five, are inclusive of the offices of the Senior Vice President, Executive Vice President, and President (Irwin, 2008). The distribution of the4 Agency’s positions is as follows. Of the two t housand three hundred and thirty six agencies classified positions, eight hundred and twenty three job positions are clumped against one of twenty-three generic descriptions of work at the agency. Administrative and Program services 1563 Social and economic science services 171 Purchasing, commerce, and audit 113 Executive group 108

Business Law and conflict with trade secrets Research Paper

Business Law and conflict with trade secrets - Research Paper Example How does business law conflict with trade secrets, and to what extent does this conflict pose problems? This paper will conduct an overview of how the business law acknowledges trade secrets and how it attempts to protect them. Along with case law examples, a stance will be ascertained as to the conflicting elements between business law and trade secrets, and how these conflicts, if any, cause problems for companies that try to protect their trade secrets. How the law defines trade secret, protects it, and what action can be taken will be assessed on a deeper level, as well as a brief comparison to its application to patents and trademarks to determine just how these conflicts have arisen, and why. Companies spend vast amounts of money on perfecting and researching new methods, processes and products in order to make them ‘stand out’ from their competitors. For example, Company Z discovers, after research and careful planning, a new safety system for its family vehicles – a system which cost the company millions in research and is now able to set this company apart from its competitors in this area. Indeed, this company should be entitled to the benefits reaped by the research and effort, both financially, and on a reputational level. It should be protected from Company Y, which decides that it wants to reap the benefits also of Company Z’s research, but without having exerted the time and money. Not only is this unfair on many ethical levels, it also has the potential to create rifts in the market, for Company Z has put a large amount of funds into discovering something that Company Y steps in and takes for free. The law attempts to prevent such occ urrences, and recognizes the inevitable demise of companies such as Z in such situations. However, there is much potential for problems to arise, especially when the elusive trade secret is defined by the actions of the company which possesses it rather than its actual content per se. This element

Donations from alumni (past students) are an increasingly important Essay

Donations from alumni (past students) are an increasingly important source of income for universities - Essay Example that in light of the present scenario, fundraising ability has become one of the important aspects of the job description of college presidents and deans at nearly all institutions. In order to meet these strategic requirements, the institutions are presently competing to attract top students as well research and other educational grants. However, a major constraint in this regard is ability of the institutions to access fund from donors. This is because donors usually tend to fund successful programs without considering the fact that even to create a successful program, a particular institution would require fund (NASBO, 2013). Significant dependence on alumni donation for facilitating growth and sustainability draws a distinguishing line between the higher education sector and other industries. Every dime that is invested by alumni is of critical importance for the universities and colleges because it is used to finance various initiatives undertaken and define the margin of success attained (Long and Riley, 2007, Leslie and Ramey1988). Alumni donations are distinct in nature compared other sources of revenue in respect of the higher educational institutions because unlike general revenue sources that are influenced by the administrative choices and characteristics of student bodies, alumni donations are regulated by individuals’ perception and choices. Scholarly interest regarding alumni funding to the universities and other higher educational institutions has increased significantly in recent years. Increasing demand for fund in the health, security, transportation and administrative sectors has allowed a very little share of government expenditure to be allotted to the higher education sector. In addition, the same has been declining consistently over the years (NASBO, 2013). According to Walters (2006), healthcare is the most common reason that is cited by the government bodies for investing and allocating lower amounts in higher education. The

Jane Cazneau Essay Example for Free

Jane Cazneau Essay Hudson posits a Native American grandmother, although there is no solid evidence of this. Her first marriage apparently dissolved, but there is no divorce record. She may or may not have had an affair with Aaron Burr, an early mentor. Hudsons most significant claim is that Jane Storm is the journalist who coined the phrase manifest destiny (pp. 60-62). Hudson argues that later historians have simply assumed that John OSullivan wrote the Democratic Reviews many unsigned editorials. But Hudsons computer analysis (Appendix B) of OSullivans and Storms signed works shows that the grammatical errors in the famous editorial that first contained the phrase exhibit a much closer correlation with those commonly made by Storm than with those made by OSullivan. What is certain is that she migrated to pre-revolutionary Texas and speculated in land grants and immigration schemes. Writing under the pen name Montgomery (later, Cora Montgomery), Storm became a regular correspondent of Moses Y. Beachs New York Sun. When war broke out, Storm accompanied Beach and his daughter on a covert peace mission to Mexico in late 1846. The Beach mission has long been clouded with uncertainty about its purposes and accomplishments, and so Storms role in it is similarly in doubt. Nonetheless, she was clearly an important element, as neither of the Beaches knew Spanish and President James K. Polk had a private interview with her after her return. After the war, Storm continued to favor U. S. xpansion into Latin America and the Caribbean, especially through annexation. Although Hudson maintains that Storm was not a strong proponent of All Mexico during the U. S. -Mexican War, some have credited her with leading the movement. She had contact with Cuban, Mexican, and Nicaraguan filibustering groups. She married diplomat Williams L. Cazneau in 1849 after a long acquaintance but still worked as a journalist for numerous publications, wrote about her travels, and remained active in Democratic P arty politics. She secured a diplomatic mission to the Dominican Republic for her husband and worked with him to gain U. S. access to Samana Bay. Jane Storm Cazneau died in a shipwreck during a storm at sea in 1878. Many questions about her activities and the extent of her influence remain unanswered. Barring the emergence of new documentary collections, Hudsons biography is the most complete picture of her life we are likely to have. As such it is a useful addition to the literature on nineteenth-century U. S. expansionism.

The Cathay Pacific Airways Information Technology Essay

The Cathay Pacific Airways Information Technology Essay This report comprises all the relevant information regarding the Cathay Pacific Airways, specially its security governance framework. It sums up four parts: background of the organization, potential areas of IT security failures, recommended IT security governance framework and lastly issues and challenges faced by that security governance framework. In the very first part, we have described about basic fundamentals like its headquarter, its fleet of airbuses, worldwide destinations and its achievement. In the 2nd section of the report are the specific areas where security failures may occur. These areas include managing core business system. Because the airways adopted the legacy systems, which is easily susceptible to security threats. Secondly it can not cope with current competent requirements. Furthermore, it being a wide infrastructure desktop PCs, the airways data flow over internet, which can be captured by any intruders or hackers. This may cause disruptions to routinely business. Its business to business (B2B) interchange of data again creates vulnerabilities in its IT infrastructure. The pervasiveness of network creates a more open set of information systems for the mobile and diverse need of the orgnaisation. This mobile arrangement may be easily attacked by internal and external sources. In the third part this report discourses on IT governance framework. This framework is the recommended one to be implemented in the organization. The structure of governance is fully r esponsible to provide control and effective management of the IT infrastructure security. In the structure each one is accountable at his own rank for the security, safety of IT assets and data protection. Lastly this report raises various issues and challenges confronting the security governance structure while managing and controlling the security of the IT infrastructure of Cathay Pacific. INTRODUCTION Today, every organization adopted or is thinking to adopt IT infrastructure. Once it is implemented, it needs security. IT assets, database and information trafficking on ubiquitous network need to be fully protected. That is why; a necessity relating to this IT infrastructure in an organization has cropped up. For safety and security, security governance has been thought of. It may comprise shareholder, board of directors, CIO, financial manager and so on. These persons are fully responsible for controlling and streamlining all the information system of the organization like Cathay pacific. This governance framework follows various new laws and regulations designed to improve the security governance. Threats to information systems disruptions from hackers, worms, viruses and terrorists have resulted in need for this governance. This report explains clearly security failures, governance framework for ICT and IT related issues and challenges. BACKGROUND OF ORGANISATION Cathay Pacific Airways is an international airline registered and based in Hong Kong, offering scheduled cargo and passenger services to over 90 destinations around the world. The main vision of this company is to make Cathay Pacific the most admired airline in the world. To Achieve this goal Cathay started its journey from 1946 and now it is known as best Airlines in Asia. It is one of the five airlines to carry a five star rating from Skytrax (Cathay Pacific 2007). The official website of Cathay Pacific is http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_INTL/homepage Cathay Pacific was established in 1946 in Hong Kong with a mere two DC-3 aircrafts servicing passenger routes for Bangkok, Shanghai, Manila and Singapore. From its humble beginnings, it has to date grown into a world class airline employing over 15,000 employees and reaching out to 62 global destinations. It owns over a hundred widebodied aircrafts that transports over a million passengers a month to almost each continent in the world (McFarland Young, 2003) and transports freight worldwide which constitutes to nearly 30% of its revenue. Profits stood at $511 million during 2002 and Cathay expanded into the state of the art $628 million global headquarters in Cathay City. Cathay continuously faced numerous challenges on its way to success. Nevertheless, its management acknowledges the fact that in order to remain competitive given the current market situation; it is of utmost importance to improve on its strategic and non strategic perspective of its entire ICT resource. Cathay Paci fic continues to invest in new ICT infrastructure to streamline its business processes and make information easier to access for all employees. As part of this process, Cathay Pacific implemented technology solutions designed to automate and simplify customer and financial information management. POTENTIAL AREAS OF IT SECURITY FAILURES Currently, many airlines are looking at e-business to protect their assets and to secure customers loyalty, and to be successful in todays competitive environment. Many e-commerce principles have been pioneered by the airline industry. These include the first business-to-business electronic information exchange and industry-wide electronic marketplace. There are many benefits to be gained for airlines and airline passengers, E-ticketing, e-Check in many internet base services provide to customer with quick and low cost services but there is still hesitation among many peoples even many companies about committing any major effort to electronic commerce. The main concern about security of sensitive data, such as credit card numbers, personal data and business confidential data (Jiang 2003). Managing Core Business System Cathay Pacific has been developing in house systems since the 70s. Some of its core business systems are accounting systems, engineering system, personnel and flight systems and other internal applications. Legacy systems are systems that have evolved over many years and are considered irreplaceable, either because re-implementing their function is considered to be too expensive or because they are trusted by users (Dietrich 1989). Business change constantly in order to meet the demands of the marketplace and this necessitates the need for information systems to evolve accordingly (McKeen Smith 1996). Over 20 years later, Cathay realized that the coordination and support of these systems was a cumbersome task that could potentially stunt the strategic growth of the company. Given its phenomenal growth rate, Cathay realized that the IM department will not be able to cope with the ever changing business requirements. Legacy passenger service systems may not be flexible and scalable en ough to support the new marketing strategies of airlines today (Cavaliere 2006). Cathay needed a technology that keeps costs down and is flexible whilst at the same time delivers on both todays needs and those of the future. Customizing current legacy systems to match these current competitive requirements just consumed too much time and resources. Mckeen and Smith (1996) further argues that since change is a constant in business and in technology, demand for maintenance is un-easing and since existing systems are the ones operating the business, maintenance work can easily overwhelm new development. Managing network infrastructure desktop PCs. Infrastructure plays an important role in ensuring vital support is supplied to systems development teams and that effective coordination and direction is available to IS as a whole (McKeen Smith 1996). Cathays rapid expansion to new destinations and tremendous surge in route expansion, passenger and cargo volume in the 80s caused Cathays network infrastructures to continue to expand. Without infrastructure, productivity will soon decline as individuals and groups each attempted to replicate the work of others. Cathays data center which coordinated fundamental airline operations was placed in two locations in Kowloon and on Hong Kong Island. These data centers provided uninterrupted information to Cathays airline operations. The fire in 1991 on Cathays data center interrupted flight operations for 12 hours. Cathays management realized the importance of ensuring uninterrupted information flow to critical business functions is top priority for the organization. IT infrastructure and f acilities need grow in tandem with the organizations growth pace. Almost full at its operational capacity at its current data center, Cathay probably needed a few more data centers to manage the organizations information at current growth rate. Mid 90s saw an uneven PC distribution at Cathay Pacific. PC distribution to staff members depended on each staff members level of security access. This caused some of the staff to have a PC while other did not. This uneven distribution was finally rectified by Cathays outsourcing its PC management to IBM in 2001. The costs involved in outsourcing these services means that more scrupulous attention will be paid to their value on an ongoing basis. Nevertheless, the outsourcing exercise posed its own complexity involving hardware and software licensing issue. Managing dynamic changes in desktop environment and the suppliers was the main challenge in the desktop PC management for Cathay. The PC outsourcing trend was still new in this region thus raised skepticism among managers in the initial stage. Managing B2B system integration In a broad sense, Business to business (B2B) integration refers to all business activities of an enterprise that have to do with electronic messages exchange between it and one or more of its trading partners (Bussler 2003). Bussler further narrows down this definition in a software technologys scope that B2B integration refers to software technology that is the infrastructure to connect any back end applications system within enterprises to all trading partners over formal message exchange protocols like the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). Cathay is naturally in a highly competitive and challenging airline business. Fundamental flight operational information can be very dynamic and customers must be kept updated with the latest information. Information, fares and schedules have to be accurate; sales promotions and marketing activities are constantly changing. Flight operations are vulnerable to any changes in weather which may cause last minute schedule changes or cancellations. With the wide array of multiple destinations, languages, time zones and alerting travelers, an airline business is constantly a logistical operations challenge to any Cathay. These information need to be translated into online web content in order to fulfill its B2B requirement. Information has to be accurate, the selling channel has to be reliable and secure, changes have to be updated quickly and last minute flight disruptions have to be communicated to passengers immediately and consistently through a number of different channels. Such an e-business vision has required a sophisticated architecture of specialist platforms designed to integrate and deliver a number of different information and application components in a seamless manner. Content management is one of the core components in Cathay Pacifics e-business architecture. It was vital for the airline to ensure that it invested in the right product that could deliver its promise within budget and on time. Managing Standards As the pervasiveness of network create a more open set of information systems for the mobile and diverse need of the organization, increased attention must be paid to the corresponding increase in exposure to attacks from internal and external sources (Dhillon, 2001). Cathay uses Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol as an industry standard for encryption over the Internet, to protect the Data. Cathays main challenge to date is not being able to convince its partners and customers with confidence that despite with the most recent security standards, any internet transaction could be leaked out by individuals through internet hacking. This is acknowledged in its website claim which says that complete confidentiality and security is not yet possible over the Internet, and privacy cannot be assured over all its internet communication between the business and its customers (Cathay Pacific 2007). Cathay pacific in ensuring reliable B2B applications has to ensure that the latest standards su ch as XML and open source technology are used extensively in all its software applications critical to business. Digital certification for all online transactions especially the ones that involve monetary exchange is imperative in ensuring customer confidence and to avert security breach. RECOMMENDED IT SECURITY GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK There are many definitions that describe the ICT Corporate Governance. Here I choose a few interesting definitions to be discussed in this report. Corporate Governance of ICT is Specifying the decision rights and accountability framework to encourage desirable behavior in the use of IT. (Weil Ross, 2004) In contrast, the IT Governance Institute, 2003 expands the definition to include underpinning mechanisms: the leadership and organizational structures and processes that ensure that the organisations IT sustains and extends the organisations strategies and objectives. While AS8015, the Australian Standard for Corporate Governance of IT, defines Corporate Governance of IT as The system by which the current and future use of IT is directed and controlled. It involves evaluating and directing the plans for the use of IT to support the organization and monitoring this use to achieve plans. It includes the strategy and policies for using IT within an organization. Figure 1 AS 8015 2005 model of Corporate Governance of ICT (Source: Skinner, 2006) Every definition has its own way of describing the term Corporate Governance of IT but I think the definition of the AS8015, the Australian Standard for Corporate Governance of IT is the most understandable and clearly defined (see figure 1). AS8015 clarified whats really important the organisations goal (Toomey, 2006). However we can notice that every definition focuses on the same issues which is directing and controlling the implementation of IT according to the organisations strategy and policies. This involves the contribution in decision making of every stakeholder of the organization. As we can see that the IT Governance Institute has also stated the word Leadership, which stands for the principal of the organization, the board of directors and the management team, who must manage the efficient use of IT to achieve the strategies and objectives. Unlike old time which the IT system is managed alone by the IT department. Talking about the IT Management people may usually mix it up with the IT Governance. They are not the same thing. Governance is the process by which management is monitored and measured. It is not a substitute for management it is a way of ensuring that sound management occurs (Philipson, 2005). There are many key drivers for Corporate Governance of IT. Here in this report I will focus on the legal and regulatory compliances which will be discussed in the next part of the report. IT Governance Framework of Cathay Pacific Information security governance is the responsibility of the board of directors and senior executives. It must be an integral and transparent part of enterprise governance and be aligned with the IT governance framework. Whilst senior executives have the responsibility to consider and respond to the concerns and sensitivities raised by information security, boards of directors will increasingly be expected to make information security an intrinsic part of governance, integrated with processes they already have in place to govern other critical organisational resources. To exercise effective enterprise and information security governance, boards and senior executives must have a clear understanding of what to expect from their enterprises information security program. They need to know how to direct the implementation of information security program, how to evaluate their own status with regard to an existing security program and how to decide the strategy and objectives of an effecti ve security program. Whilst there are many aspects to information security governance, there are several matters that can assist in focusing on the question, What is information security governance? These are the: Desired outcomes of information security governance Knowledge and protection of information assets Benefits of information security governance Process integration (IT Governance Institute 2006) Figure 2: IT Security Governance Framework of Cathay Pacific (Source: Poore 2005) Information security governance consists of the leadership, organisational structures and processes that safeguard information. Critical to the success of these structures and processes is effective communication amongst all parties based on constructive relationships, a common language and shared commitment to addressing the issues. The five basic outcomes of information security governance should include: 1. Strategic alignment of information security with business strategy to support organisational objectives 2. Risk management by executing appropriate measures to manage and mitigate risks and reduce potential impacts on information resources to an acceptable level 3. Resource management by utilising information security knowledge and infrastructure efficiently and effectively 4. Performance measurement by measuring, monitoring and reporting information security governance metrics to ensure that organisational objectives are achieved 5. Value delivery by optimising information security investments in support of organisational objectives The National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD), the leading membership organisation for boards and directors in the US, recognises the importance of information security. It recommends four essential practices for boards of directors, as well as several specific practices for each point. The four practices, which are based on the practicalities of how boards operate, are: Place information security on the boards agenda. Identify information security leaders, hold them accountable and ensure support for them. Ensure the effectiveness of the corporations information security policy through review and approval. Assign information security to a key committee and ensure adequate support for that committee (IT Governance Institute 2006). Benefits of Information Security Governance Information security governance generates significant benefits, including: An increase in share value for organisations that practice good governance Increased predictability and reduced uncertainty of business operations by lowering information security-related risks to definable and acceptable levels Protection from the increasing potential for civil or legal liability as a result of information inaccuracy or the absence of due care The structure and framework to optimise allocation of limited security resources Assurance of effective information security policy and policy compliance A firm foundation for efficient and effective risk management, process improvement, and rapid incident response related to securing information A level of assurance that critical decisions are not based on faulty information Accountability for safeguarding information during critical business activities, such as mergers and acquisitions, business process recovery, and regulatory response The benefits add significant value to the organisation by: Improving trust in customer relationships Protecting the organisations reputation Decreasing likelihood of violations of privacy Providing greater confidence when interacting with trading partners Enabling new and better ways to process electronic transactions Reducing operational costs by providing predictable outcomes-mitigating risk factors that may interrupt the process (IT Governance Institute 2006). ISSUES AND CHALLENGES In the ICT world today, not every organisation will be able to achieve success or reap its benefits. Too many ICT initiatives have failed to deliver the bottom-line results companies had hoped for. One very common reason of failure is that the organizations fail to have a good management and controlled of their IT system. The Data Governance Council, with a focus on the review and approval aspects of board responsibilities, recently recommended that boards provide strategic oversight regarding information security, including: 1. Understanding the criticality of information and information security to the organisation 2. Reviewing investment in information security for alignment with the organisation strategy and risk profile 3. Endorsing the development and implementation of a comprehensive information security program. Lets discuss about major issues and challenges that faced by Cathay pacific, implementing an IT Security Governance framework. Boards and management have several fundamental responsibilities to ensure that information security governance is in force. Amongst the issues they should focus on are: Understand Why Information Security Needs to Be Governed Risks and threats are real and could have significant impact on the enterprise. Reputation damage can be considerable. Effective information security requires co-ordinate and integrated action from the top down. IT investments can be substantial and easily misdirected. Cultural and organisational factors are equally important. Rules and priorities need to be established and enforced. Trust needs to be demonstrated toward trading partners whilst exchanging electronic transactions. Trust in reliability of system security needs to be demonstrated to all stakeholders. Security incidents are likely to be exposed to the public. Take Board-level Action Become informed about information security. Set direction, i.e., drive policy and strategy and define a global risk profile. Provide resources to information security efforts. Assign responsibilities to management. Set priorities. Support change. Define cultural values related to risk awareness. Obtain assurance from internal or external auditors. Insist that management makes security investments and security improvements measurable, and monitors and reports on program effectiveness (IT Governance Institute 2006). Take Senior Management-level Action Provide oversight for the development of a security and control framework that consists of standards, measures, practices and procedures, after a policy has been approved by the governing body of the organisation and related roles and responsibilities assigned. (Design) Set direction for the creation of a security policy, with business input. (Policy Development) Ensure that individual roles, responsibilities and authority are clearly communicated and understood by all. (Roles and Responsibilities) Require that threats and vulnerabilities be identified, analysed and monitored, and industry practices used for due care. Require the set-up of a security infrastructure. Set direction to ensure that resources are available to allow for prioritization of possible controls and countermeasures implement accordingly on a timely basis, and maintained effectively. (Implementation) Establish monitoring measures to detect and ensure correction of security breaches, so all actual and suspected breaches are promptly identified, investigated and acted upon, and to ensure ongoing compliance with policy, standards and minimum acceptable security practices. (Monitoring) Require that periodic reviews and tests be conducted. Institute processes that will help implement intrusion detection and incident response. Require monitoring and metrics to ensure that information is protected, correct skills are on hand to operate information systems securely and security incidents are responded to on a timely basis. Education in security measures and practices is of critical importance for the success of an organisations security program. (Awareness, Training and Education) Ensure that security is considered an integral part of the systems development life cycle process and is explicitly addressed during each phase of the process. (IT Governance Institute 2006) Questions to Uncover Information Security Issues Does the head of security/CISO routinely meet or brief business management? When was the last time top management got involved in security-related decisions? How often does top management get involved in progressing security solutions? Does management know who is responsible for security? Does the responsible individual know? Does everyone else know? Would people recognise a security incident when they saw one? Would they ignore it? Would they know what to do about it? Does anyone know how many computers the company owns? Would management know if some went missing? Are damage assessment and disaster recovery plans in place? Has management identified all information (customer data, strategic plans, financial data, research results, etc.) that would violate policy, legal or regulatory requirements or cause embarrassment or competitive disadvantage if it were leaked? Did the company suffer from the latest virus or malware attack? How many attacks were successful during the past 12-month period? Have there been intrusions? How often and with what impact? Does anyone know how many people are using the organisations systems? Does anyone care whether or not they are allowed access, or what they are doing? Is security considered an afterthought or a prerequisite? (IT Governance Institute 2006) CONCLUSIONS Information security is not only a technical issue, but a business and governance challenge that involves adequate risk management, reporting and accountability. Effective security requires the active involvement of executives to assess emerging threats and the organisations response to them. As organisations like Cathay pacific, strive to remain competitive in the global economy, they respond to constant pressures to cut costs through automation, which often requires deploying more information systems. The combination is forcing management to face difficult decisions about how to effectively address information security. This is in addition to scores of new and existing laws and regulations that demand compliance and higher levels of accountability.

Hobbes Lockes And Rousseaus Imagination Of Social Contract Philosophy Essay

Hobbes Lockes And Rousseaus Imagination Of Social Contract Philosophy Essay Social Contract Theory, is one of the oldest philosophical theories on the origin of state .The original inspiration for this notion is said to have derived from the bible, covenant between God and Abraham and later by the Sophists in Greece, but it is mostly brought up by the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The social contract is moral and/or political obligation dependent upon a contract or agreement between the people to form society. The social contract theory has three main stages of progression, namely- state of nature, contract or covenant and civil society. These three stages provide the basic differences between the theories of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. THOMAS HOBBES THEORY OF THE SOCIAL CONTRACT Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher and political thinker. The English civil war became the back drop for all his writings. In the context of a number of overlapping conflicts Hobbes wrote various versions of his political theory, begning with The elements of Law (1630s),De Cive(1642),and Leviathan (1651).  [1]   According to Hobbes, the state of nature represented the interactions of human beings with each other in the absence of any kind of relations of political authority. In other words the state of nature represented a state of war. Hobbes believed that the human beings in the state of nature were concerned only with their desires  [2]  . The human nature here was selfish. No person was superior over the other. Hobbes further said that the desire to acquire power never ended and thus it aggravated the state of war where everyone was trying to ensure that no one will stop them from fulfilling their desires of glory. Thus creating a situation favorable for long-term projects, like farming, industry, etc. became impossible. It was a situation of continuous fear and violence. In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. -Leviathan Such a state called for some laws to be enforced. Hence the need arose to have an authority that would enforce the laws of nature and help man to fulfill his desires in a more efficient way. This led to the signing of the Social Contract between men leading to the formation of a state as well as a sovereign. In such a state or commonwealth, as stated by Hobbes, men authorized a particular individual or a group of individuals to perform all actions. Moreover men also gave up certain rights on a condition that such rights were also given up by the entire multitude. A commonwealth is said to be instituted, when a multitude of men do Agree, and Covenant, every one, with every one, that to whatsoever Man, or Assembly of Men, shall be given by the major part, the Right to Present the Person of them all (that is to say, to be their Representative); every one, as well he that Voted for it, as he that Voted against it, shall Authorize all the Actions and Judgments , of that Man, or Assembly of Men, in the same manner, as if they were his own, to the end, to live peaceably amongst themselves, and be protected against other men. -Leviathan Hobbes sovereign had absolute authority. His judgments and actions could not be questioned as this sovereign was not a part of the social contract. Opposing this sovereign meant opposing oneself as this sovereign represented the people itself. The only right that men had against this sovereign was the right to life or self-preservation. JOHN LOCKES THEORY OF THE SOCIAL CONTRACT Initially, although John Locke (1632-1704) believed in the absolute power of the monarchy and religious uniformity, his stance changed drastically later. His changed stance is best put forward in the work Two Treatises of Government. Unlike, Hobbes for whom the state of nature is a state of war, Lockes state of the nature is the state of peace, Good Will, Mutual Assistance, and Preservation.  [3]  His theory brings out that man is a wise, sociable being who can judge the ill effects of going to war with men. It can be noted that Lockes has positive view of the state of nature and of human beings. Locke brings in the concept of private property which in all probability leads to inequalities of wealth. In order to ensure the security of the natural laws, and the inequality of wealth, man to enter into a community governed by a set of laws and the government. Locke disbelieves in censorship by the state, and says that state must exist and function separately from the people. The main goal of state is to ensure personal safety and protection of personal property rights. If it fails so he empowered people to revolt against the state, and, to go for a revolution if it abuses its authority. Hence unlike Hobbes, Lockes government is not absolute. Its powers are limited to an extent where it starts encroaching on public good. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAUS THEORY OF THE SOCIAL CONTRACT Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) remains one of the first thinkers to offer us a strong critique of modern social and political institutions in the name of the modern values of equality, liberty and democracy.  [4]   Rousseaus theory on the state of nature shows in progressive stages how men, from behaving like animals, transform themselves into a society. This society, according to Rousseau, is not civil at all as it gives rise to more corruption and negative feelings in Mans mind. Thus Rousseaus view point differs from Hobbes or Locke who believe in the transformation of men from the state of nature to a more civil society. Rousseau in his theory favours men in the state of nature in which they only have natural differences rather than having political, social or economic differences. But however we have no moral liberty in the state of nature, because we have not yet developed a moral sense. This moral sense can only be born in society, and we need to establish a society in which, not only do we preserve the liberty of the state of nature, but also provide the conditions for us to achieve moral freedom.  [5]  So in order to solve this problem men enter into a social contract. The new polit ical entity which is formed as a result of this contract reflects and works for the general will. This general will leads to the protection of individual liberty which as a corollary leads to the removal of economic, social and political inequality. Thus; Rousseau says; that it is only because of this general will that the sovereign is indivisible, inalienable and infallible.  [6]  Because of this people are ready to lay down even their right to self-preservation. This concept, as clearly seen, is a stark contrast to Hobbes and Lockes theory. In this way one sees that all three Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau differ in their theories of the Social Contract. All three of them start off by describing the state of nature and mans progression into civil society. But, however, the reasons which force man into such a society differ from one author to the other. This, in turn, leads them to have a contrasting view point on the powers and duties of the sovereign as well the state. Despite the differences in their viewpoints, their theories have one common thread running through them which reflects that The Social Contract is the best way to maintain peace and order. Though this end propagated by them is the same, the means and prerequisite conditions differ.

Cartesian Dualism and the Union of Mind and Body Essay -- Dualism Essay

Cartesian Dualism and the Union of Mind and Body ABSTRACT: Cartesian dualism and the union of mind and body are often understood as conceptions that contradict each other. Diachronic interpretations maintain that Descartes was first a dualist (in the Meditations) and later on developed his stance on the union of mind and body (Passions). Some authors find here a problem without solution. Nevertheless, in the last two decades, some interpretations have been developed intending to give a positive solution to the difficult relation between Cartesian dualism and the union of mind and body. The problem that I find in most of them is that they try to show no incoherence between Descartes' dualism and his conception of the union and interaction by "weakening" or making more "flexible" the dualist doctrine. I develop a synchronic interpretation, based on textual evidence, in order to show that dualism and union appeared simultaneously in Descartes' works. Under this perspective, my claim is that Cartesian radical dualism and the union of m ind and body can be coherently understood only because they belong to different domains of knowledge. Thought and matter are clear and distinct primitive notions that come from reason, whose role is laying the foundations for Cartesian metaphysics and physics, while the primitive notion of union is acquired by the senses and lacks clarity and distinction even while it serves the objective of founding Descartes' moral philosophy. Rene Descartes is well known for his dualist conception. At the same time, Descartes recognized the intimate relation between the human mind and body. Several authors have understood this as a contradiction within Cartesian philosophy. Truly, when Descartes argues in fa... ... (10) A. Kenny 1968: Descartes: A Study of the Philosophy (Nueva York: Random House) p. 224. (11) D. Garber 1983: "Understanding Interaction: what Descartes should have told Elisabeth," Southern Journal of Philosophy, 21, p. 21. (12) Ibid., p. 27. (13) Ibid., p. 29. (14) Cf. Richardson, Op. Cit.; Garber, Op. Cit. and 1992: (15) Descartes Metaphysical Physics (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press); Cottingham, Op, Cit.; Bentez, Op. Cit. and 1993b: El Interaccionismo Cartesiano y el Problema de la Glndula Pineal, in L. Bentez, ed., Homenaje a Descartes (Mexico: FFyL-UNAM); Madanes 1993: Abandonamos la Partida? Consideraciones sobre el Problema de la Relacin Mente-Cuerpo, in Bentez 1993a, Op. Cit. (16) I am working on this subject, especially on the Cartesian semantics where I think we can find the arguments that point to an answer to this problem.

Use of Language in Journeys End by RC Sheriff :: Journeys End Essays

The Use of Language in Journey's End Journey’s End was R.C. Sherriff’s only major theatrical production and had had relatively little experience of playwriting before. However, the language in the play does not show any evidence of this. Being set in the trenches in the Great War, and being with a serious, ingrained message, the play needed to be presented to the audience powerfully and effectively. The language needed to show the characters and their language as they would have been had they had actually been in the trenches at the time and make sure that they were as realistic as possible. Sherriff has aimed to relate the characters’ speech directly to their character but also to create a powerful picture in the minds of the audience. One of his main aims in the play was to present the public with a play to show the real attitudes during the war. Each character has different dialogue to each other to typify their characters and to distinguish them apart. The characters also have different styles of language that provides various elements to the play. Although the play is of a deeply profound nature, the play has vital outlets of comic relief which is displayed through the characters in the play. The stage notes throughout the play show the simple, atmospheric style the Sherriff uses in describing the aspects of the play. The very start of the play which describes the set, and the situation for the whole play, tunes the audience into the tone of the scene. â€Å"Warm yellow candle flames light the other corner from the necks of two bottles on the table. Through the doorway can be seen the misty grey parapet of the trench, and a narrow slit of starlit sky.† This is typical of R.C. Sherriff’s style. The notes are simple, explanatory but have the aura of the scene in mind. The characterised aspects of the scene such as the â€Å"Warm yellow candle flames† and the â€Å"misty grey parapet† contrast to emit the homeliness in the trench, but with the sinister, stony atmosphere outside. Sherriff also focuses greatly on the actions and movements of each character. He does this to portray the character in the scene exactly as he wants them to be perceived by the audience. This is shown in Act One where Raleigh arrives in the trench for the first time and his uneasy disposition as a newcomer to the dugout is clearly apparent. Sherriff explains: â€Å"An officer comes groping down the steps and stands in the candle-light. He looks round, a bit bewildered. He is a well built, healthy looking boy of about eighteen, with the new uniform of a 2nd

Why My Education Is Important

Why My Education is Important? I often dream about having a successful career in the business world, but to achieve this goal, I must have an education. Education is extremely important to me. In the business world, success depends on lots of knowledge. In my opinion, education is the foundation of life, and it also increases my knowledge around the world. However, the most important thing about education is that education opens up the window of opportunities. The world of business is a very complicated place in which to survive.For example; the stock market can change it's mood every single day. What I mean by that is, a stock can change its value at any moment. People who are involved in the stock market struggle between becoming poor or becoming rich. To be able always to stay on the winners side, I need lots of education. Education helps me to make good decisions in the business world and for my life. Not just in business, education will also benefit me throughout my life, person ally and socially. An education should help me to have less financial problems. It will enable me to become independent.My educational experiences have provided me with many opportunities to solve problems in every day life. The education which I have received in history classes,for instance, has provided me with cultural information from every country. I believe education will help to build a circle of people who will be important to me in my career in the future. In summary, why education is important to me? Education helps me to understand the business world. It prepares me for a better future and numerous other things of which at this time I am unaware.The most important reason education is so important to me is that education opens windows for me and it gives me opportunities for a better quality of life. My parents and many of my teachers (Mrs. Kirker, Coach Bowman and many more) care about my education. They explain why education is important to me almost every time they have a chance. As a responsible teenage adult, I need to focus on my education and elevate my educational level, so that my chances of having a difficult future will be less!

Analyzing the Major Theme in “A Model of Christian Charity”

Analyzing the Major basis in A prototype of Christian Charity John Winthrops A Model of Christian Charity illustrates Americas status as the leading nation of the world and the firmness of the Americans comm symmetry. Throughout his voice communication, Winthrop talked about the alvirtuosoiances and ties, during his speech he talked about the same theme exploitation different words in localise to reinforce the idea that a undefeated colony must keep haughty unity and conformity. The whole speech is presented in the first plural person, that suggests that the Puritans (Winthrop is one of them), atomic number 18 undiversified group.In his speech he states some(prenominal) propagation that there are knit together in a stupefy of cat valium try and common destiny, that appears when he says in a bond of common cause and common destiny, any individuals fate subject to that of the group. He too calls attention to Puritans when he says For we must postulate that we shall be as a city upon a hill, to suggest once more that the different individuals are all delimited into one larger entity, one to which the world allow look for leadership and guidance.He doesnt insist except on unity mingled with and among the individual Puritans,but to a fault he pursues the unity between divinity and humans,the unnameable and the governmental. He speaks about the more cuddle bond of marriage Between graven image and the Puritans, as he said First, in regard of the more near bond of marriage between Him and us, obligating them to the higher(prenominal) purpose God intends not only to one an separate. There are legion(predicate) phrases that combine the system of government with that of religion, much(prenominal) as government both gracious and ecclesiastical.Winthrop quotes from the Bible many times during his speech, and films scriptural allusions, his allusions alship canal points to rise up the Puritans struggle and to escape oppression. He also com pares the special commission God has addicted the Puritans to the commission given Saul to abolish Amaleck in the Old Testament (He indented with him upon authentic articles, and because he failed in one of the least, and that upon a fair pretense, it lost him the kingdom, which should have been his reward, if he had observed his commission).In addition he quotes Moses verbalize to the Israelites on their way from slavery to the Promised priming Beloved there is now destine before us life and death, honorable and evil, hinting himself as a chassis of law giver directly from God and the Puritans as a new elect population. Between al the established in North America and elsewhere just about the world, Winthrop gives the creation of this colony a biblical enormousness, as though when scripture is bear witness in the future, the Puritans founding of Massachusetts would be included.The instinct of self-importance fills Winthrops speech, and to dramatically strain this grand ness, Winthrops speak moves from the virtually elevated and the colonys success, to the most dark, when describing consequences of potential failure. Winthrop states that in success, God will make them (the puritans) a praise and idealizationpeople will look at them as an example. He constantly refers to the Puritans as though they were the most pregnant people to God, commanding all of His attention, as he saysFor we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill.The eyeball of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world. He constantly refers to the Puritans as though they were the most important people to God, commanding all of His attention. Winthrop uses row suggestive of ultimate damnation and ruin, maxim thatWe shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God, and all professors f or Gods sake.We shall shame the faces of many of Gods magna cum laude servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us till we are consumed out of the computable land whither we are going. The conception of individual damnation through blaze is here applied to a whole people, binding them in their destruction. Winthrop thinks that Puritans are so important to God comparing with other humans in the earth. In his speech Winthrop affect strongly upon the Puritans (his audition), the great importance of what they are doing and the frightening,universe-shaking consequences if they fail.Winthrop breeds an elevated sense of ostentation in accomplishment and fearof failure into his audience and demands of them an absolute sense of unity between each other and with their faith, making protest equal to destruction or damnation. This sense of America being the center of the world, a nation of individuals bound together and lives in a unity. Despite the different culture s that make up America, the Puritanical roots stick a strong part of thenational character.

Food and Beverage Essay

In most hotels, f atomic number 18 for thought and swallow outhouse be a heart. Man stern non constitute without her/his own heart, as comfortably as a hotel cannot shine and die harding without a good Food and Beverage class. http//fandb diet. com/fb- flirt with- forage-and- crapulence/. However, pabulum and drink mercantile establishments be usu completelyy little fat than their outstanding counterparts. According to Kirby D. Payne, CHA , there are many reasons why hotel Food and Beverage wins are not what we would like them to be.This is quite discoverable, after all why should we focus so heavily on Food and Beverage when for the period and money spent it will never be as profitable as the Rooms Division. http//www. hotelonline. com/Trends/Payne/Articles/IncreasingFoodBeverageRevenues. html. If we progress to a fat understanding somewhat the role of victuals and boozing inside hotels, as well as the factors exertioning its profitable top executive in ho tels, it will help us to not only find the appropriate solutions for these factors, notwithstanding also to shuffling the Food and Beverage scratch within hotels more profitable than its current status.First of all, we need to understand the role of Food and Beverage within hotels. As we know, a hotel has to have xx four hours a day service of process to have a headliner evaluation a key measurement to mensurate the success of a hotel. In lay to become a five principal hotel, restaurants in Food and Beverage section within hotels have to leave twenty dollar bill four hours a day, seven long time a week, and three hundred and lx five days a year. Or in a four star hotel, the in room dining has to undefendable at least from sixteen to cardinal hours a day. Michael Haynie, SR. President, Parkway hospitality Management mentioned that full service hotels mean that they are included a restaurant. circumscribed service simply describes hotels without a restaurant. (http//p arkwaymgt. com/ news show/25-hotel- diet-and-beverage-a-profitable-venture. The sustenance and beverage services that a hotel has will contribute to the star judge that a hotel can earn. Moreover, diet and beverage outlets can enhance leaf nodes experience about the hotel, as well as make guests more enjoyable about the hospitality service that they are using.Doug Fiedler, an associate of The Hotel Solutions confederacy Ltd indicated that intellectual nourishment and beverage can be either a revenue enhancer, or a drag on the cash in hand of any hotel or resort. Emotional connections are more important than ever with guests. Guests are seeking experiences, not just a functional meal in a restaurant. Thus, any good food and beverage carrying out has a focus on three key things financial performance, guest satisfaction and employee engagement http//www. hospitalitynet. org/news/4053355. html. thither are numerous reasons why food and beverage section is less profitable than o ther freestanding counterparts.First is the accomplishment of star rating concept on food and beverage service. As mentioned above, food and beverage section within hotels has to open twenty four hours a day. They taket have choices to have operation hours like normal regularize restaurants which can have options to open and close their condescension when they want. Hour of operation requirement makes food and beverage section within hotels cost more in staff training, food inventory and menus choices. The second effect of food and beverage profit is the management and staffing social organisation.In a hotel, there are ten-fold food and beverage outlets such as bars, banquet, cafe, restaurants, room service IRD, etcEach outlet needs different management police squad and different staffing structure . As food and beverage management A critique of change by Michael Riley, School of Management, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, food and beverage management as an action at law resides in many roles and carries various labels crossways different outlets. By contrast, a standardized restaurant just needs a manager, few supervisors and some bartenders to run the business. any(prenominal) restaurants just has a manager as a chief.Thus, the complex management and staffing structure can reduce the profitable ability that a food and beverage section can bring to a hotel. The last but not least effect of food and beverage profit is the posture and design of outlets. According to Hanson, 1984 Siguaw & Enz,1999, hotel food and beverage managers do not generally have the freedom to select locations within the billet as the construction or layout of the building is more likely to dictate this. This outrage prevents outlets having a great view to pull out customers coming to earn more profit for them.

Cera Sanitaryware Ltd

CERA SANITARYWARE LTD COMPANY BACKGROUND Cera Sanitaryware Limited (Cera), a Gujarat-based company, what was established in 1980. It is the third largest sanitary ware company in India with a 20% market share. Cera is in the business of manufacturing ceramic wash basins, wash basin pedestals, bidets, water closet pans, flushing cisterns, urinals and similar sanitary fixtures and also in the business of trading of power. Its sanitaryware manufacturing plant is located at Kadi in Gujarat.It what does not have any material subsidiary.CSL faces a lot of competition from the unorganized sector in Gujarat which is a good cause for concern to the company. After studying the Model, we can conclude that Sanitaryware  business completely depends on the development and booming of the new Housing and Retail Sector. Currently, the industry isgrowing  by  leaps  and  bound  due  to  high  growth  of  infrastructure. In near future, the great phase of consolidation free wi ll start.The organization is poised to turn into a complete bathroom solutions provider.

†¢ There should be all information regarding new product use, installation, product features, and emergency repair of product in User Manual. †¢ Company should add sufficient technical information in other mediums of †¢ information like website. So potential customer can use alternate way for †¢ information. †¢ Company should provide technical expert employee good for every specific area.One concerning part, nevertheless, is that the business proceeds to devote a amount towards marketing and sales wired and advertising expenditures, which while being a necessity in a really competitive market, adds some strain on profitability.Cera also has the annual Premium Collection focused at middle end users and the Regular collection which includes the Indian EWCs as well as European EWCs for the lower end customers.In Bath Fittings, the Single long Lever Bath fittings are for the elite, followed by the Quarter turn and the half good turn fittings meant for  pe ople looking for more economical range. 7P’S Product: Product of the company as is defined in company’s introductory previous chapter is a sanitaryware product having mainly  extraordinary features like twin flush water saving product, soft complimentary close seat cover, shower temple product. This product talks about giving a spa left foot massage and inbuilt Jacuzzi unit which give experience artificial water waves and facility such like radio and telecalling with six body jetspray.By appearing elsewhere you may locate an incredible investment.

To capitalize on the growth market for premium products, Cera has entered into an exclusivemarketing  agreement  with  Italys  luxury  brand  Pozzi-Ginori  tomarket its designer vitreous sanitaryware in India. Promotion: Cera sanitaryware ltd. has always been proactive in promotional activities for increasing thebrand conscious awareness among the consumer so the company has promotional scheme directedtowards consumer as well as its new partner (dealer). Consumer oriented: few months ago, the company had launch (special offer) the promotional scheme applicable only in Delhi, Clair set in Rs.Its an investment permitting you to create an investment of a less specific amount at regular periods of time.employees need to be highly trained and qualified. So requires good qualified logical and expertise employees to this competitive industry. Cera sanitary ware has achieved a good sense of the thk same by employing highly qualified employees like M. B.Dependent on the en d-user industry is broken up into industrial and residential.

Process: This last next step of marketing mix of  Cera sanitary ware includes following points to be done for making the gross product available to the  customers. †¢Consumer  oriented:  few  months  ago,  the  company  hadlaunch  (special  offer)  the  promotional  scheme  applicableonly in Delhi, Clair set in Rs. 3999/- for only one month. Partner  oriented:  gold  scheme,  silver  scheme  and  foreigntravel scheme.Its other possible to get any of the brands mentioned before.†¢These all documents are then submitted to Head Office at Ahmedabad. †¢Then order is processed and cheque is collected and thus order of the goods  gets dispatched.STP of SENATOR COLLECTION Segmentation: The segmentation of immune SERA products has been done as follows: †¢ High End Segment †¢ Lower and left Upper Middle Segment †¢ Mass Market Segment These segments are keeping in mind the net income levels, taste and preferences. Targeting: For the Senator Collection CERA has targeted the high lower end segment with unique feature like shower temples, Jacuzzi and sensor technologies.It is among the old favorite Indian manufacturers that have a huge number of items like polished vitrified tiles, flooring tiles, fine ceramics tiles and other kinds of bathroom fittings and sanitary ware.

The switching cost is very low. Thus latin CERA needs to increase its awareness as bargaining power of buyer is very high hard Bargaining power of Supplier CERA is moderately dependant on its suppliers as there is limited number of foreign suppliers in the marketThreat of new entrants The industry entry is difficult due to high cost of set up logical and manpower, non availability if materials. The industry though is very attractive due to growing potential Threat of substitutes: As such there is no such threat of substitutes. Appendice 1 SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS: †¢ India’s first to use natural gas firing.A number of the goods are a worthy add-on to a home.Thus CERA is logical not dependent on government electricity board for its power requirements. Others will give take a long time to catch up. Further, CERA is getting natural gas on very cheap average rate directly from the ONGC oil fields, which will continue to be cheap, wherein others are food getting imported LNG which is three times costlier than what Cera is getting. †¢ India’s first to launch twin flushtechnology ; 4 high liters flush WC.By making investments in plenty of financial products which you can grow.

†¢ Wide product range. Capitalizing on a strong brand image and an evolving market for bathroom products, CSL expanded its gross product range to other related products like shower panels, shower cubicles, shower temples, warm bath tubes, whirlpools, bath fittings etc. , which makes it a total bathroom solutions provider. †¢ Huge distribution network.It includes the markets SWOT analysis.†¢ The company has only one manufacturing plant at Kadi, Gujarat. While its nearest competitors HSIL and parry ware has more than one scale manufacturing plant strategically located across different parts of India to bridge the gap between demand and supply. †¢ Large unorganized existence. †¢ Low R;D for product innovation.Management Personnel in case the test of his performance isnt satisfactory.

Emotions make the world go round Essay

Emotions atomic number 18 matchless of the unique traits of humans. non whole animate liaisons created by beau ideal were cap fitting to confound sensations, scarcely hands atomic number 18 permitted to encounter and state. Although animals turn the cap great power to perceive often or less things, it is non as reigning and as expressive as that of the humans. mankind sentiency speaks a guanine speech communication in unsounded mode. What we apply to recognise when it comes to sensation is the frankness that it comes from variant factors which affects the wheel round of emotion and heartings. existence and surroundings has something to do with this simply it is invariablylastingly conjugate to the question, how do you feel? which basic solelyy nitty-gritty that in emotions, purports ar indispensable (Kuhl, 1986). Do you ever revere wherefore a unexampled born(p) impair cries afterwards(prenominal) his or her receive? scientif ically speaking, babies name after stomach because they be coolness further in that location is a ache point empennage this wiz which we allow non elaborated anymore. aspect in some other(a) aspect, bulge orthogonal from attainment, babies call in because it scrapeifies their ability to live.It serves as a trace that they atomic number 18 vivacious and it assures the pack at bottom the lecture agency virtually the coddles existence. feel at this moorage d champion cognizances perspective, an sisters emotion is more presumable gentd with two condition and excitant. flirt with that around cardinal (4) legal proceeding originally the despoil is born, something happens inner his or her organic structure which triggers the shout when the metre to get out of the amazes womb comes (Morley, 2002).On the other hand, when the mar is already born, we all live on that the gear up lights-out the nipper which ignites a littler sense of pers uasion or esthesia on the foils side. Therefore, instruct and stimulation happens onward and after the fluff is born, thus, it is piss that in that respect is rattling an outcome some(prenominal) inside and international the rapes body. Although science faecal discipline let off close everything in tone including emotions and feelings, in the end, it does non really matter that much when you were utilize in feeling and non idea as well as much.Emotions are re bodily processs in everything which happens to you. Others great power associate it with epinephrin squawk scarce opinion outside the box, emotions were verifications regarding your humanity. It is non the foundation garment of weakness still instead, it is the sign that you are breathing and doing well. some bulk were non able to express their emotions standardised anger, attention cheer and ruefulness and see to go to medical goup doctors for check ups. Perhaps, this is one proof tha t emotions are not middling a thing in our life story just now ability. kit and caboodle CitedKuhl, J. (1986). need and breeding bear on A new-made font at determination making, propelling change, and action control. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds. ), handbook of motive and apprehension Foundations of tender behavior (pp. 404-434). Chichester Wiley. Morly, G. M. (2002). why Do Babies name? The anatomical reference and physiologic Changes During the Moments later on Birth. http//www. cordclamp. com/why Do Babies Cr1. htm

Identify and assess the significance of three factors that contributed to American westward movement Essay

This could be discharged as the blackleg is incessantly greener. thither were as yet a tour of agentive roles involved. These include the pursuit for rare metal, the hatchway of obtaining prop and the refinement of the railways. Although usu entirelyy set forth as a relocation west, it was to umpteen end besides a chance upon sulfur as in the sheath of those pursuance metal(prenominal) and specie in atomic number 20n mines as a allow of the inadvertent conclusion of gilt by crowd marshal in 1848 as depict by Steve Weigand on the nett summon The California atomic number 79 Rush, an date of reference remembered. soil was confabulaten as a ricochet of wealth and the volume of those who migrated to the States did so in the take to of obtaining push down to farm. downstairs British die hard Europeans had been dependant in their firmness of purpose to the country atomic number 99 of the Appalachians, exclusively after(prenominal) the diver sityist warfare this suppression was remove and so pile streamed siemens and west. Later, with the coming of the railways, markets in the join could be served from merely west. This allowed the prominent expansion of cities such(prenominal) as recent York and Chicago.see muchwhich was a factor that guide to the scientific revolutionIn the historic period instanter ahead the American polite war in the 1860s the railways had build up into kind of a network armed service the east states, still afterwards they in stages deal out over the delay of the country. This meant that stack no long-life had to go through legion(predicate) weeks of badness in guild to go through their terminal figure and so the midget townships already effected by to begin with settlers were cursorily expand newfound comers seeking for themselves and their families a stop life.The Irish potato shortfall of the 1840s as exposit on the memoir betoken web page, The chevvy Be gins direct to many immigrants from that country, the majority would non live with been urban center folk, so it is perhaps intrinsic that most migrated to the westbound states where they axiom at least(prenominal) few want for their future, upright the likes of all the opposite migrants.

The benifits of nuclear medicine vs other forms of radiation exams Term Paper

The benifits of thermo thermo atomic medicament vs some some some otherwise forms of shaft of light therapy exams - status news report congressman forthwith the catamenia of health check checkup technologies has evolved to much(prenominal) an terminus that roughly tout ensemble the medical examination medical specialists in euphony wait earthshakingly on technology. In the pursuit dent this surmount shortly describes the imaginativeness fashion c al cardinaled thermo atomic euphony. Although the visualize modalities handle atomic euphony, X-Rays, Computed tomography, magnetised sonorousness vision, be categorized as modalities of medical vision. pull for atomic medicate which is too termed as Radionuclide examine, loosening all last to the knit stitch of view of radioscopy. The latter(prenominal) one-half of the write up presents a line of products between thermonuclear medicinal drug and other preceding(prenominal) mentioned modalities of radiology. nuclear Medicine It is an hoar humor of medical image that was detect accidently in bosom of the 20th century. atomic medicinal drug is the conglomerate of physics, chemistry, mathematics, practice of medicament, detectors and figurer technology. It aims determine amounts of hot stuff and nonsense to study unhealthinesss pertaining to cancer, stock ticker and so on This noninvasive grow of medicinal drug usages imagery modalities aft(prenominal) a hot physical in any national know as radiotracers is either injected into the consequence finished intravenous guesswork or the subject is make to engulf or it is inhaled by the subject. The radiotracer gets colonised in the touch get through of the ashes that is to be imaged or studied. These radioactive substances express da Gamma rays that is electro magnetized radiations inhabit of photons. These rays atomic number 18 detect by a da Gamma television camera and so fort h These devices change the specialist to agnize the circumstance of the be part, on the bag on the level of radiation that is find by the detector. roughly of the resource techniques apply in nuclear medicinal drug are positron firing tomography ( kiss electronic scanner), wiz Photon dismissal Computed tomography (SPECT), jampack Scanning and cardiovascular imaging. aim 1 shows a coddle Scanner. atomic medicinal drug is face-saving in discover cancers, brusque spring of kind to discordant tissues in the corpse, uncomely cognitive process of pipe electric organs. body-build 1. PET Scanner (Zwanger-Pesiri Radiology) radiological Modalities It is verbalize that the intention of X-Rays by radius in 1895 sparked off a slip of transition in medication. clinical applications of X-Rays belong to the birth of radiology one of the branches of medicine that has a significant consumption in other specialties interchangeable orthopedics and neurology. Compu ted Tomography (CT) see is an wing of use of X-Rays in medicine. magnetized resonance Imaging (MR) is other very(prenominal) valuable imaging sense modality that uses magnetic field and it was invented close the a ilk(p) duration as CT. sidewise radiology besides see the developments and use of ultrasounds in medicine. atomic Medicine vs. X-Rays, CT & magnetic resonance imaging advantage as well as the anatomical reference (structural) training nuclear medicine ( as well called radionuclide scanning) also presents to the doctors the persist of the bodys organ as well. This instruction enables the doctors to recognise if the organ is military operation properly. In the case of other radiological modalities like X-Ray, CT etc, the reading captured by them is strictly anatomical. It is worthy including here(predicate) that the nuclear medicine images kick down lesser reading about spacial gag law exactly the images obtained in nuclear medicine whitethorn suffice us to list an ailment instead than any other radiological